- Resource System
- Coastal marine ecosystem
- Resource Units
- Demersal fish: mullets, groupers, snappers
The coastal fishery in Tasucu Bay is located near the small port town of Tasucu in Mersin Province, Turkey. The original case, which spans from 1976-1978, catalogues 140 fishermen and 90 small inboard boats; the resource unit is demersal fish. It is a relatively simple CPR because there is only one user group of small boat fishermen. All of the fishermen belong to the local cooperative. The cooperative has successfully controlled access to the CPR by fighting off competing users. It provides financial assistance to the fishermen, controls the type of fishing technology used in the bay, and markets the fishermens catch.
This case study is part of the original Common-Pool Resource (CPR) database. A summary of the original CPR coding conducted in the 1980s by Edella Schlager and Shui Yan Tang at Indiana University may be found under the CPR tab in the Institutional Analysis section below.
The resource appropriated from Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey is demersal fish. The appropriation resource includes Tasucu Bay and some adjacent shoreline on the east.
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey is demersal fish. The appropriation resource includes Tasucu Bay and some adjacent shoreline on the east.
SCREENER:
Case: Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey, Turkey
The information regarding the following common-pool resource system was taken from empirical evidence from a field setting. Data on the system was extracted from a journal article. Currently, there are no additional documents to cite which may provide further information about this common-pool resource.
These documents describe five resources in detail. The primary resource is the Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey, situated in Tasucu of Turkey. More generally, it is located in Middle East & South Asia. The system's sector is that of fisheries. Relatively good information has been collected about the stakes of participants who appropriate from Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey. The condition of this resource is well understood. Complete information is available regarding the strategies used by key groups interacting with the system. There is thorough documentation of the operational rules for this resource. This is the result of a high level of confidence that the authors who recorded the features of Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey have a complete knowledge of its particulars. Furthermore, the authors have provided sufficient data to formulate a structured coding process.
There are 101-200 total appropriator teams appropriating from the resource . At the beginning of the period discussed by the authors, there was an apparently balanced supply of biological and physical resources withdrawn compared to the number of units available. Appropriator teams for the resource are always formally organized.
The Tasucu Bay fishery is located on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. It is a relatively simple CPR given that there is one user group organization and no subgroups -- just one group of small boat fishermen. All of the fishermen belong to the local cooperative. The cooperative serves several purposes. It has successfully controlled access to the CPR by fighting off competing users. It provides financial assistance to the fishermen. It controls the type of fishing technology used in the bay, and it markets the fishermen's catch. Apparently the cooperative has been successful. The fisherman have not reported any problems of overuse or pollution, and in fact, they are looking for more fishermen.
CITATION(S):
Berkes, Fikret (1986) "Local Level Management and the Commons Problem: A Comparative Study of Turkish Coastal Fisheries." MARINE POLICY 10: 215-229.
The resource appropriated from Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey is demersal fish. The appropriation resource includes Tasucu Bay and some adjacent shoreline on the east.
SCREENER:
Case: Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey, Turkey
The information regarding the following common-pool resource system was taken from empirical evidence from a field setting. Data on the system was extracted from a journal article. Currently, there are no additional documents to cite which may provide further information about this common-pool resource.
These documents describe five resources in detail. The primary resource is the Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey, situated in Tasucu of Turkey. More generally, it is located in Middle East & South Asia. The system's sector is that of fisheries. Relatively good information has been collected about the stakes of participants who appropriate from Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey. The condition of this resource is well understood. Complete information is available regarding the strategies used by key groups interacting with the system. There is thorough documentation of the operational rules for this resource. This is the result of a high level of confidence that the authors who recorded the features of Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey have a complete knowledge of its particulars. Furthermore, the authors have provided sufficient data to formulate a structured coding process.
There are 101-200 total appropriator teams appropriating from the resource . At the beginning of the period discussed by the authors, there was an apparently balanced supply of biological and physical resources withdrawn compared to the number of units available. Appropriator teams for the resource are always formally organized.
The Tasucu Bay fishery is located on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. It is a relatively simple CPR given that there is one user group organization and no subgroups -- just one group of small boat fishermen. All of the fishermen belong to the local cooperative. The cooperative serves several purposes. It has successfully controlled access to the CPR by fighting off competing users. It provides financial assistance to the fishermen. It controls the type of fishing technology used in the bay, and it markets the fishermen's catch. Apparently the cooperative has been successful. The fisherman have not reported any problems of overuse or pollution, and in fact, they are looking for more fishermen.
CITATION(S):
Berkes, Fikret (1986) "Local Level Management and the Commons Problem: A Comparative Study of Turkish Coastal Fisheries." MARINE POLICY 10: 215-229.
RESOURCE INFO:
The resource appropriated from Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey is demersal fish. It is produced biologically and is a renewable moving (fugitive) unit. The appropriation resource includes Tasucu Bay and some adjacent shoreline on the east.
The boundary of this resource has natural/constructed and institutional arrangements which do not limit entry. The boundaries of this resource are smaller than the location, and exist in one country, and are not divided among multiple general purpose local jurisdictions at a single level. The boundaries of this resource are independent of a development project designed by non-residents.
There are not distinct and stable micro-environmental or ecological zones within this resource (highly confident).
There are not strategic points within the resource where the main flow of the Demersal fish can be controlled (highly confident). There is considerable, and predictable variation over space in the availability of Demersal fish within the resource (highly confident). There is considerable, and predictable variation in the flow of Demersal fish within a single year (inferred). There is considerable, but unpredictable variation in the flow of Demersal fish from year to year (inferred).
The bottom topography of Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey is not indicated in the case study information.
If no rules in use were being followed, the relationship among the appropriation processes would have effects that were not recorded in this case study.
The boundaries of the production resource do not coincide with the boundaries of the location. Rather, the location is within the boundaries of the appropriation resource (highly confident). The boundaries of the production resource partially overlap the boundaries of the location, but the two boundaries are not equivalent (highly confident). The boundaries of the distribution resource are not identical to the boundaries of the appropriation resource, but appropriation is within the boundaries of distribution (highly confident). The boundaries of the production resource are not equivalent to the boundaries of the distribution resource. Distribution is within the boundaries of production (highly confident).
LOCATION:
The appropriation resources are situated in Tasucu Bay and some adjacent Mediterranean coast plus the town of Tasucu, all in southern Turkey. The boundaries of the location are both naturally and politically defined, i.e. the harbor which has a natural boundary and the village which is politically defined. The appropriation resource present in this location consists of demersal fish in Tasucu Bay (coding).
The system is located within one country. Within this country, the system's location is not divided among several general purpose local jurisdictions at the same level. A permanent population lives year round in this location (highly confident). There is frequent contact and communication between people in this location and officials in a nearby administrative center (inferred). This location is also characterized by an economy that is stable and tied to other economic networks during the entire time period (highly confident).
The latitude of this location is not specified, and its longitude is not specified. The elevation of this location is 0 meters. The highest elevation is 0. The lowest elevation of this location is 0. The region's average annual rainfall is . The region's average annual evapotranspiration is unknown. The distribution of rainfall and evapotranspiration per month is as follows:
January precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
February precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
March precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
April precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
May precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
June precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
July precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
August precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
September precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
October precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
November precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
December precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
The resource appropriated from Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey is demersal fish. It is produced biologically and is a renewable moving (fugitive) unit. The appropriation resource includes Tasucu Bay and some adjacent shoreline on the east.
The boundary of this resource has natural/constructed and institutional arrangements which do not limit entry. The boundaries of this resource are smaller than the location, and exist in one country, and are not divided among multiple general purpose local jurisdictions at a single level. The boundaries of this resource are independent of a development project designed by non-residents.
There are not distinct and stable micro-environmental or ecological zones within this resource (highly confident).
There are not strategic points within the resource where the main flow of the Demersal fish can be controlled (highly confident). There is considerable, and predictable variation over space in the availability of Demersal fish within the resource (highly confident). There is considerable, and predictable variation in the flow of Demersal fish within a single year (inferred). There is considerable, but unpredictable variation in the flow of Demersal fish from year to year (inferred).
The bottom topography of Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey is not indicated in the case study information.
If no rules in use were being followed, the relationship among the appropriation processes would have effects that were not recorded in this case study.
The boundaries of the production resource do not coincide with the boundaries of the location. Rather, the location is within the boundaries of the appropriation resource (highly confident). The boundaries of the production resource partially overlap the boundaries of the location, but the two boundaries are not equivalent (highly confident). The boundaries of the distribution resource are not identical to the boundaries of the appropriation resource, but appropriation is within the boundaries of distribution (highly confident). The boundaries of the production resource are not equivalent to the boundaries of the distribution resource. Distribution is within the boundaries of production (highly confident).
LOCATION:
The appropriation resources are situated in Tasucu Bay and some adjacent Mediterranean coast plus the town of Tasucu, all in southern Turkey. The boundaries of the location are both naturally and politically defined, i.e. the harbor which has a natural boundary and the village which is politically defined. The appropriation resource present in this location consists of demersal fish in Tasucu Bay (coding).
The system is located within one country. Within this country, the system's location is not divided among several general purpose local jurisdictions at the same level. A permanent population lives year round in this location (highly confident). There is frequent contact and communication between people in this location and officials in a nearby administrative center (inferred). This location is also characterized by an economy that is stable and tied to other economic networks during the entire time period (highly confident).
The latitude of this location is not specified, and its longitude is not specified. The elevation of this location is 0 meters. The highest elevation is 0. The lowest elevation of this location is 0. The region's average annual rainfall is . The region's average annual evapotranspiration is unknown. The distribution of rainfall and evapotranspiration per month is as follows:
January precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
February precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
March precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
April precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
May precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
June precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
July precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
August precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
September precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
October precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
November precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
December precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey is demersal fish. The appropriation resource includes Tasucu Bay and some adjacent shoreline on the east.
OPERATIONAL LEVEL:
TYPE OF SITUATION
The processes described in the related documents are primarily related to appropriation and use. The formal owner(s) of the resource discussed in this study is a central government. The set of individuals who have rights to withdraw from this resource is well-defined. As of the beginning of this period, the owners are not exercising nor attempting to exercise closed access to this resource. Since the beginning of this period, the appropriators are exercising (or attempting to exercise de jure) closed access to this resource, but "outsiders" began to appropriate at a moderate level.
EVENTS MARKING THE BEGINNING ACTION SITUATION
It is estimated that the operational level coded on this form ended in -2. The estimated duration of the patterns that are described in this form is 11 to 25 years. Throughout the duration there was change made primarily by the appropriators in operational, collective, or consititutional rules. There was no change in resource size or structure. There was no new technology introduced to the system over the duration of the patterns coded on this form. There was no substantial external change in the value of the units appropriated. The quantity of units available did not change due to a change in appropriation patterns of other appropriators' withdrawals from the same production or distribution resource. There were no new groups starting to withdraw units from the appropriation resource. There was a recorded change to one or more variables internal to the operational level. The variables that changed were NUMAPPR. The author begins the description of this case at this point in history. The author begins at this point in history because B4, date coop was created.
CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF PERIOD COVERED BY THIS FORM*
For biological resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was apparently balanced (inferred). For biological resources at the end of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was apparently balanced (educated guess). For physical resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units was apparently balanced (inferred). For physical resources at the end of the period the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units, was apparently balanced (educated guess).
The following includes the available statistics on the use of this resource at the beginning of the time period, followed by the end of the time period:
Tons of fish harvested per year at the beginning of the period: 180
Tons of fish harvested per year at the end of the period: 180
*In fisheries and other biological systems, this is the maximum sustainable number of units. In irrigation, this refers to the optimal water requirements of the crops in the established fields served by this system.
The information about how units are disposed at the beginning of the period is missing in this case.
At the end of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets.
As of the beginning of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). As of the end of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (highly confident). At the beginning of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources, due to the way units are being appropriated (highly confident). At the end of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources due to the way units are being appropriated (inferred). As of the beginning of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was relatively high (confident). As of the end of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was quite low (inferred). At the beginning of this study the appropriation resource was experiencing some deterioration due to insufficient maintenance (educated guess). At the end of this study the appropriation resource was moderately well maintained, and in good working order (highly confident). At the beginning of this period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (highly confident). At the end of the period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (inferred). ## Unknown markup: Start ##By the end of this period developments had occurred which tended toward a change in the property rights regime related to the appropriation resource (highly confident). At the end of this period the owners were not exercising, nor attempting to exercise closed access to this resource (inferred). At the end of the period the appropriators were exercising, or attempting to exercise, de jure closed access to this resource, but "outsiders" began to appropriate at a moderate level (inferred).
INFORMATION LEVELS
There are no maps or charts of the appropriation resource for use by the appropriators (highly confident). Maps and/or charts of the production and distribution resources are not available to the appropriators (highly confident). The appropriators of this resource can be seen by each other while delivering harvest to a central location (inferred). No documentation was included in the study regarding whether or not the appropriators of this resource are in radio communication with each other while appropriating from the resource. There are not actions being taken, by appropriators or officials, to generate information about the condition of the resource (highly confident). There are usually records of the withdrawals from this resource kept in a systematic way (highly confident). There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the physical factors which directly affected the resource kept in a systematic way. There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the appropriators' contributions to monitoring of the resource kept in a systematic way. Records are kept in a language accessible to most of the appropriators (highly confident). The keepers of these records are officials at some level (highly confident). These records are available for inspection by appropriators (highly confident). There are arenas being used for the exchange of information about conditions of the resource (highly confident). Appropriators get together to discuss mutual problems of the resource daily (highly confident). The appropriators have a considerable familiarity with the characteristics of this resource (educated guess).
POTENTIAL ACTIONS AND LEVELS OF CONTROL
The quality or quantity of the units available to the appropriators are adversely affected by the strategies of prior appropriators (highly confident). There are not problems of pollution resulting from activities of others who are not appropriators of this resource or inhabitants of this location (e.g. acid rain, sewage disposal) (inferred). Almost all appropriators sell this resource in one market (highly confident). There appears to be an insurance mechanism available to the appropriators related to variability of income from the resource (highly confident).
PATTERNS OF INTERACTION
Differences between subgroups relating to gender identification are not included in the case study. Differences between subgroups relating to ethnic identification does not exist (inferred). Differences between subgroups relating to clan identification does not affect communication (inferred). Differences between subgroups relating to racial identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to caste identification are small and did not affect communication (confident). Differences between subgroups relating to religious identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to languages spoken does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to general cultural views of the resource system and its use are small and did not affect communication (confident). Differences between subgroups relating to any problems that affect communication does not exist (inferred).
The general manner in which appropriators related to one another during this study is a relatively neutral, quid-pro-quo manner -- each exchange was evaluated for what it might bring (inferred). If someone violated the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is very likely that he/she would encounter social sanctions imposed by other appropriators (who are not filling posititions as official monitors) (inferred). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is very unlikely that he/she would encounter physical sanctions by other appropriators (who are not filling posititions as official monitors) (confident). There is a limited range of sanctions imposed depending on rule infractions and in regard to social, physical, and official sanctions (inferred).
POSITIONS AND PARTICIPANTS
At the end of the period studied the position of non-appropriator (individuals prevented from using the resource) did not exist (highly confident). At the beginning of the period there was a general estimate of some undocumented number appropriators. There was a general estimate of 101-200 appropriators at the end of the period (highly confident). A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was not included in the case study, at the beginning of the period. A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was 201-500, at the end of the period (highly confident). The "official" position of monitor (apart from the willingness of all appropriators to monitor) does not exist (highly confident). This position monitors rules devised by local collective choice processes (column 3 of the rules form) and rules-in-use.
The appropriators monitor the appropriation activities of each other apart from the monitoring of any "official" guards (inferred).
NUMBER AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROUPS
There will be 1 subgroup form(s) completed in relation to this operational level form. The ID number(s) of the subgroup(s) coded are as follows: 17.1 - 0 - 0 - 0
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
There are no appropriators who were consistently disadvantaged in this period (inferred). The relatively worst off appropriators have not been cut out of their benefits from this resource or substantially harmed (inferred). By the end of the period studied the distance between those who were the least advantaged and those who were the most advantaged could be characterized as remaining relatively constant over time (inferred).
AUTHOR'S EVALUATION AND CAUSAL ASSUMPTIONS
In this coding form the author focuses on the readers' concept of results and the evaluation of results.
The author's results point to successful efficiency, no overcapitalization, no overfishing, equity, and insurance mechanisms. The analysis of the success of the system was based upon control over access, homogeneous groups, and recourse to extra-legal authority. The author discusses withdrawals per unit of effort based on Author discusses withdrawals per unit of effort, but does not list indicators.
SUBGROUP:
Participants:
This appropriation group are the the members of the Tasucu co-op. The criteria for who is a member is well defined (highly confident). . This group ended with a membership of 140.
The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:
Gender identification causes no difference in composition (inferred). Ethnic or cultural identification causes no difference in composition (inferred). Racial identification causes no difference in composition (inferred). There is no difference in composition with regard to languages spoken (highly confident). The language spoken by most members of the subgroup is Turkish.
The appropriation process is organized as a team process consisting of 90 groups.
Legal Rights:
Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (highly confident). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (highly confident). Rights to participate in management of this resource is held de jure (highly confident). Exclusion from use of the entire resource is exercised de facto (educated guess). Members of this subgroup have de facto rights to decide who can be excluded from particular zones within the resource. (educated guess). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (educated guess).
Stakes and Resources:
Around 91%-100% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource (educated guess). An estimated 4 months through 5 months are needed to build or to earn enough income to purchase the equipment for an appropriation team (highly confident). Given the assets of members, the capital required to set up an appropriation team does not place pressure upon the appropriators to get immediate returns from appropriation (inferred). Most people in this subgroup are very dependent (i.e. most of the family income) on this resource (inferred). The proportion of this subgroup that currently appropriates similar units from other resources is less than 10% (inferred). Given the economy of the location, the average annual family income (including all non-monetary forms of income) is considered high (educated guess). The variance of the average annual family income across families is low (inferred). Capital is owned by 51%-75% of this subgroup (educated guess).
Potential Actions and Levels of Control:
A noticeable impact on the balance of the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available in this resource would occur in a drastic reduction of this subgroup's appropriation activities (inferred). Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules moderately constrain (highly confident), time limits which limit the range of choice lightly constrain (highly confident), quantity limits which limit the range of choice lightly constrain (highly confident), and marginal units, or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation, cause unknown contraints.
Technology:
The most recent technological change experienced by this subgroup was 11-25 years ago (educated guess). Considering other technologies that have not changed, this technology has been in use for 11-25 years (educated guess). The appropriative power of the technology used does not threaten the balance between units withdrawn and units available even if no new users are added (highly confident).
Strategies Adopted:
At the end of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant (educated guess). During this time period members have not invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (highly confident). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has not been made by members (highly confident). Resources have been expended (including time) to avoid actions that would harm the structure of the appropriation resource (highly confident). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (highly confident). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that almost all of the members follow the rules set in place (inferred). Action in the collective choice arena has been proposed to alter the operational or collective-choice rules affecting the appropriation from this resource (highly confident). Attempting to alter the behavior of appropriators, members of this group have threatened or actually used violence to enforce compliance with existing rules.
Subgroup Results:
This subgroup appropriates 91%-100% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (highly confident). By the end of this time period the appropriates from this resource have remained approximately constant (highly confident).
The resource appropriated from Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey is demersal fish. The appropriation resource includes Tasucu Bay and some adjacent shoreline on the east.
OPERATIONAL LEVEL:
TYPE OF SITUATION
The processes described in the related documents are primarily related to appropriation and use. The formal owner(s) of the resource discussed in this study is a central government. The set of individuals who have rights to withdraw from this resource is well-defined. As of the beginning of this period, the owners are not exercising nor attempting to exercise closed access to this resource. Since the beginning of this period, the appropriators are exercising (or attempting to exercise de jure) closed access to this resource, but "outsiders" began to appropriate at a moderate level.
EVENTS MARKING THE BEGINNING ACTION SITUATION
It is estimated that the operational level coded on this form ended in -2. The estimated duration of the patterns that are described in this form is 11 to 25 years. Throughout the duration there was change made primarily by the appropriators in operational, collective, or consititutional rules. There was no change in resource size or structure. There was no new technology introduced to the system over the duration of the patterns coded on this form. There was no substantial external change in the value of the units appropriated. The quantity of units available did not change due to a change in appropriation patterns of other appropriators' withdrawals from the same production or distribution resource. There were no new groups starting to withdraw units from the appropriation resource. There was a recorded change to one or more variables internal to the operational level. The variables that changed were NUMAPPR. The author begins the description of this case at this point in history. The author begins at this point in history because B4, date coop was created.
CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF PERIOD COVERED BY THIS FORM*
For biological resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was apparently balanced (inferred). For biological resources at the end of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was apparently balanced (educated guess). For physical resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units was apparently balanced (inferred). For physical resources at the end of the period the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units, was apparently balanced (educated guess).
The following includes the available statistics on the use of this resource at the beginning of the time period, followed by the end of the time period:
Tons of fish harvested per year at the beginning of the period: 180
Tons of fish harvested per year at the end of the period: 180
*In fisheries and other biological systems, this is the maximum sustainable number of units. In irrigation, this refers to the optimal water requirements of the crops in the established fields served by this system.
The information about how units are disposed at the beginning of the period is missing in this case.
At the end of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets.
As of the beginning of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). As of the end of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (highly confident). At the beginning of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources, due to the way units are being appropriated (highly confident). At the end of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources due to the way units are being appropriated (inferred). As of the beginning of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was relatively high (confident). As of the end of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was quite low (inferred). At the beginning of this study the appropriation resource was experiencing some deterioration due to insufficient maintenance (educated guess). At the end of this study the appropriation resource was moderately well maintained, and in good working order (highly confident). At the beginning of this period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (highly confident). At the end of the period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (inferred). ## Unknown markup: Start ##By the end of this period developments had occurred which tended toward a change in the property rights regime related to the appropriation resource (highly confident). At the end of this period the owners were not exercising, nor attempting to exercise closed access to this resource (inferred). At the end of the period the appropriators were exercising, or attempting to exercise, de jure closed access to this resource, but "outsiders" began to appropriate at a moderate level (inferred).
INFORMATION LEVELS
There are no maps or charts of the appropriation resource for use by the appropriators (highly confident). Maps and/or charts of the production and distribution resources are not available to the appropriators (highly confident). The appropriators of this resource can be seen by each other while delivering harvest to a central location (inferred). No documentation was included in the study regarding whether or not the appropriators of this resource are in radio communication with each other while appropriating from the resource. There are not actions being taken, by appropriators or officials, to generate information about the condition of the resource (highly confident). There are usually records of the withdrawals from this resource kept in a systematic way (highly confident). There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the physical factors which directly affected the resource kept in a systematic way. There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the appropriators' contributions to monitoring of the resource kept in a systematic way. Records are kept in a language accessible to most of the appropriators (highly confident). The keepers of these records are officials at some level (highly confident). These records are available for inspection by appropriators (highly confident). There are arenas being used for the exchange of information about conditions of the resource (highly confident). Appropriators get together to discuss mutual problems of the resource daily (highly confident). The appropriators have a considerable familiarity with the characteristics of this resource (educated guess).
POTENTIAL ACTIONS AND LEVELS OF CONTROL
The quality or quantity of the units available to the appropriators are adversely affected by the strategies of prior appropriators (highly confident). There are not problems of pollution resulting from activities of others who are not appropriators of this resource or inhabitants of this location (e.g. acid rain, sewage disposal) (inferred). Almost all appropriators sell this resource in one market (highly confident). There appears to be an insurance mechanism available to the appropriators related to variability of income from the resource (highly confident).
PATTERNS OF INTERACTION
Differences between subgroups relating to gender identification are not included in the case study. Differences between subgroups relating to ethnic identification does not exist (inferred). Differences between subgroups relating to clan identification does not affect communication (inferred). Differences between subgroups relating to racial identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to caste identification are small and did not affect communication (confident). Differences between subgroups relating to religious identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to languages spoken does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to general cultural views of the resource system and its use are small and did not affect communication (confident). Differences between subgroups relating to any problems that affect communication does not exist (inferred).
The general manner in which appropriators related to one another during this study is a relatively neutral, quid-pro-quo manner -- each exchange was evaluated for what it might bring (inferred). If someone violated the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is very likely that he/she would encounter social sanctions imposed by other appropriators (who are not filling posititions as official monitors) (inferred). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is very unlikely that he/she would encounter physical sanctions by other appropriators (who are not filling posititions as official monitors) (confident). There is a limited range of sanctions imposed depending on rule infractions and in regard to social, physical, and official sanctions (inferred).
POSITIONS AND PARTICIPANTS
At the end of the period studied the position of non-appropriator (individuals prevented from using the resource) did not exist (highly confident). At the beginning of the period there was a general estimate of some undocumented number appropriators. There was a general estimate of 101-200 appropriators at the end of the period (highly confident). A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was not included in the case study, at the beginning of the period. A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was 201-500, at the end of the period (highly confident). The "official" position of monitor (apart from the willingness of all appropriators to monitor) does not exist (highly confident). This position monitors rules devised by local collective choice processes (column 3 of the rules form) and rules-in-use.
The appropriators monitor the appropriation activities of each other apart from the monitoring of any "official" guards (inferred).
NUMBER AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROUPS
There will be 1 subgroup form(s) completed in relation to this operational level form. The ID number(s) of the subgroup(s) coded are as follows: 17.1 - 0 - 0 - 0
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
There are no appropriators who were consistently disadvantaged in this period (inferred). The relatively worst off appropriators have not been cut out of their benefits from this resource or substantially harmed (inferred). By the end of the period studied the distance between those who were the least advantaged and those who were the most advantaged could be characterized as remaining relatively constant over time (inferred).
AUTHOR'S EVALUATION AND CAUSAL ASSUMPTIONS
In this coding form the author focuses on the readers' concept of results and the evaluation of results.
The author's results point to successful efficiency, no overcapitalization, no overfishing, equity, and insurance mechanisms. The analysis of the success of the system was based upon control over access, homogeneous groups, and recourse to extra-legal authority. The author discusses withdrawals per unit of effort based on Author discusses withdrawals per unit of effort, but does not list indicators.
SUBGROUP:
Participants:
This appropriation group are the the members of the Tasucu co-op. The criteria for who is a member is well defined (highly confident). . This group ended with a membership of 140.
The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:
Gender identification causes no difference in composition (inferred). Ethnic or cultural identification causes no difference in composition (inferred). Racial identification causes no difference in composition (inferred). There is no difference in composition with regard to languages spoken (highly confident). The language spoken by most members of the subgroup is Turkish.
The appropriation process is organized as a team process consisting of 90 groups.
Legal Rights:
Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (highly confident). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (highly confident). Rights to participate in management of this resource is held de jure (highly confident). Exclusion from use of the entire resource is exercised de facto (educated guess). Members of this subgroup have de facto rights to decide who can be excluded from particular zones within the resource. (educated guess). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (educated guess).
Stakes and Resources:
Around 91%-100% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource (educated guess). An estimated 4 months through 5 months are needed to build or to earn enough income to purchase the equipment for an appropriation team (highly confident). Given the assets of members, the capital required to set up an appropriation team does not place pressure upon the appropriators to get immediate returns from appropriation (inferred). Most people in this subgroup are very dependent (i.e. most of the family income) on this resource (inferred). The proportion of this subgroup that currently appropriates similar units from other resources is less than 10% (inferred). Given the economy of the location, the average annual family income (including all non-monetary forms of income) is considered high (educated guess). The variance of the average annual family income across families is low (inferred). Capital is owned by 51%-75% of this subgroup (educated guess).
Potential Actions and Levels of Control:
A noticeable impact on the balance of the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available in this resource would occur in a drastic reduction of this subgroup's appropriation activities (inferred). Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules moderately constrain (highly confident), time limits which limit the range of choice lightly constrain (highly confident), quantity limits which limit the range of choice lightly constrain (highly confident), and marginal units, or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation, cause unknown contraints.
Technology:
The most recent technological change experienced by this subgroup was 11-25 years ago (educated guess). Considering other technologies that have not changed, this technology has been in use for 11-25 years (educated guess). The appropriative power of the technology used does not threaten the balance between units withdrawn and units available even if no new users are added (highly confident).
Strategies Adopted:
At the end of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant (educated guess). During this time period members have not invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (highly confident). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has not been made by members (highly confident). Resources have been expended (including time) to avoid actions that would harm the structure of the appropriation resource (highly confident). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (highly confident). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that almost all of the members follow the rules set in place (inferred). Action in the collective choice arena has been proposed to alter the operational or collective-choice rules affecting the appropriation from this resource (highly confident). Attempting to alter the behavior of appropriators, members of this group have threatened or actually used violence to enforce compliance with existing rules.
Subgroup Results:
This subgroup appropriates 91%-100% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (highly confident). By the end of this time period the appropriates from this resource have remained approximately constant (highly confident).
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey is demersal fish. The appropriation resource includes Tasucu Bay and some adjacent shoreline on the east.
OPERATIONAL RULES:
Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides a few detailed references to operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below. Concerning regional collective choice, there is no regional level of government with collective choice responsibilities.
With regard to local collective choice, a level of government or organization of appropriators exists at the location and the author provides a few detailed references about operational level rules as devised by collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below.
Boundary Rules
The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.
The regional level(s) of government or organization does not exist.
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a country. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).
A rule exists permitting citizenship or residence of a local community. This rule is enforced at the national, local, and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists forbidding membership in an ethnic group. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).
A rule exists permitting membership in an organization. This rule is enforced at the national and local level(s).
A rule exists requiring membership in an organization. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to be of a certain gender. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring use of a particular technology. This rule is enforced at the national, local, and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to obtain a license for entry or for equipment in order to appropriate. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).
There are no rules-in-use related to inheritance of entry rights.
-2
Authority and Scope Rules
The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.
The following paragraphs include information on rules of 1 cycle(s).
Authority Rules:
The regional level(s) of government or organization does not exist.
The length of the withdrawing season is 0 week(s)..
There is a rule requiring withdrawal at specific locations or spots, based on the historical pattern of appropriation. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
There is a rule forbidding withdrawal whenever and wherever desired, based on the historical pattern of appropriation. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
There is a rule requiring withdrawal units of a certain minimum size, based on unspecific criteria. This rule is enforced at the national, local, and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
The authority and scope rules do not apply to whether or not certain subgroups received substantially unequal privileges, because there is only one subgroup.
Scope Rules:
The regional level(s) of government or organization does not exist.
Information Rules
There exists a rule requiring recording of the number of units withdrawn. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
This information was recorded by an AGO.
Payoff Rules
The default condition, that all appropriators can retain whatever they can physically keep hold of and no external rewards, taxes, or sanctions are imposed is not imposed in this case. The authors have the following confidence level for the results of this section: educated guess. Appropriators can obtain external aid from a local (private or public) agency(s) to develop their appropriation technologies. Appropriators can obtain aid from a local (private or public) agency(s) to develop or repair their production, distribution, or appropriation resources. Appropriators are party to price support contracts or guaranteed purchase agreements with a local (private or public) agency(s) for the selling of resource units or commodities produced by resource units.
The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.
Aggregation Rules
Overall Questions About Rules Configuration
The general framework of the rules-in-use has governed the activities of this subgroup for 11 to 25 years.
The resource appropriated from Tasucu Bay Fishery, Turkey is demersal fish. The appropriation resource includes Tasucu Bay and some adjacent shoreline on the east.
OPERATIONAL RULES:
Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides a few detailed references to operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below. Concerning regional collective choice, there is no regional level of government with collective choice responsibilities.
With regard to local collective choice, a level of government or organization of appropriators exists at the location and the author provides a few detailed references about operational level rules as devised by collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below.
Boundary Rules
The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.
The regional level(s) of government or organization does not exist.
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a country. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).
A rule exists permitting citizenship or residence of a local community. This rule is enforced at the national, local, and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists forbidding membership in an ethnic group. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).
A rule exists permitting membership in an organization. This rule is enforced at the national and local level(s).
A rule exists requiring membership in an organization. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to be of a certain gender. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring use of a particular technology. This rule is enforced at the national, local, and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to obtain a license for entry or for equipment in order to appropriate. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).
There are no rules-in-use related to inheritance of entry rights.
-2
Authority and Scope Rules
The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.
The following paragraphs include information on rules of 1 cycle(s).
Authority Rules:
The regional level(s) of government or organization does not exist.
The length of the withdrawing season is 0 week(s)..
There is a rule requiring withdrawal at specific locations or spots, based on the historical pattern of appropriation. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
There is a rule forbidding withdrawal whenever and wherever desired, based on the historical pattern of appropriation. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
There is a rule requiring withdrawal units of a certain minimum size, based on unspecific criteria. This rule is enforced at the national, local, and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
The authority and scope rules do not apply to whether or not certain subgroups received substantially unequal privileges, because there is only one subgroup.
Scope Rules:
The regional level(s) of government or organization does not exist.
Information Rules
There exists a rule requiring recording of the number of units withdrawn. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
This information was recorded by an AGO.
Payoff Rules
The default condition, that all appropriators can retain whatever they can physically keep hold of and no external rewards, taxes, or sanctions are imposed is not imposed in this case. The authors have the following confidence level for the results of this section: educated guess. Appropriators can obtain external aid from a local (private or public) agency(s) to develop their appropriation technologies. Appropriators can obtain aid from a local (private or public) agency(s) to develop or repair their production, distribution, or appropriation resources. Appropriators are party to price support contracts or guaranteed purchase agreements with a local (private or public) agency(s) for the selling of resource units or commodities produced by resource units.
The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.
Aggregation Rules
Overall Questions About Rules Configuration
The general framework of the rules-in-use has governed the activities of this subgroup for 11 to 25 years.
1980s (static analysis)
Resource System
Key shared resource: fish stocks of bottom-dwelling species of limited abundances but high market value (sea breams, basses, mullets, groupers, and snappers).
Natural infrastructure: Coastal bay of oligotrophic (i.e., low-nutrient levels) water conditions of low productivity.
Resource Users
1) Local fishermen & members of the Tasucu Bay Cooperative (n=140)
2) Small-scale fishermen non-members of the cooperative
3) Large-scale shrimp trawling fishermen
5) Dynamite fishermen
6) Night fishermen
7) Members of neighboring cooperatives
Public Infrastructure Providers
1) Local fishermen & members of the Tasucu Bay Cooperative (n=140)
4) Government officials dictating legislation changes (specifically, in charge of lifting the 3-mile trawling ban off the coast of Tasucu Bay).
Public Infrastructure
Hard infrastructure: inboard boats and motorized vessels per group of fishermen, trammel nets and longlines as gear, freezer/cold storage facility operated by the cooperative. Equipment sold at a subsidy by the cooperative. Also, shrimp trawling wooden boats of a schooner-type design (15-25m)
Soft infrastructure: The Tasucu Bay fishermen's cooperative charter (founded in 1968) provides benefits to its members. The Aquatic Resources Act gives priority to cooperatives for leasing the lagoon fisheries from the state, which means Tasucu Bay fishermen may not fish in the adjacent lagoons.
Relationship 1
Small-scale-fishermen use trammel nets, which are modified gillnets of small or large mesh depending on the target species, which are set on the bottom within the shelf area, and longlines which consist of a series of baited hooks on a main line attached to a float. They fish within waters in the immediate area of the fishing community. Boats return to home ports within a day to market the catch locally.
Shrimp trawlers drag a bag-shaped net equipped with otter-boards to catch shrimp. Shrimp trawling is destructive to the coastal marine environment as it destroys bottom habitat and it catches juvenile and adult demersal fish that are discarded as bycatch. They also fish all the way up and down the coast, sometimes spending months away from home port.
Relationship 2
All small-scale fishermen are members of the cooperative.
Conflict exists between the large-scale shrimp trawling fishermen who achieved the lifting of the 3-mile trawling ban and the small-scale-fishermen from Tasucu Bay and other neighboring cooperatives.
Relationship 3
A policy to provide financial assistance to support a truly offshore trawling fleet is lacking, which forces conflict between small-scale fishermen and large-scale shrimp trawlers.
Relationship 4
The 1983 lifting of the 3-mile ban to shrimp trawlers in the coastal areas removes an important barrier to destructive fishing practices for juvenile and non-target species as well as bottom-dwelling species and their habitat.
Relationship 5
Fishing in Tasucu Bay is not restricted to cooperative members. Dynamite fishing is banned by the cooperative.
In 1983, large-scale shrimp trawling fishermen were allowed to fish within 3 miles of the coast.
Relationship 6
Non-members of the cooperative do not receive attractive benefits, such as a bank credit as well as year-round and seasonally adjusted guaranteed price for fish, and fishing equipment sold at subsidized prices.
Large-scale shrimp trawling fishermen (100 or so) face opposition by a group of 1,000 or so small-scale-fishermen from Tasucu Bay and other neighboring cooperatives who are proposing to have the 3-mile ban reinstated.
Exogenous Drivers 7 (Resource System)
Not mentioned in the study.
Exogenous Drivers 7 (Public Infrastructure)
Not mentioned in the study.
Exogenous Drivers 8 (Resource Users)
The lifting of the trawling ban affected the small-scale fishermen in that they now competed with the shrimp trawlers for fishing sites.
The large-scale trawlers benefit from new fishing territories near the community.
Exogenous Drivers 8 (Public Infrastructure Providers)
In 1983, government officials decided to lift a 3-mile ban on large-scale shrimp trawling fishermen so that they were allowed to fish within 3 miles of the coast.
Human Infrastructure, Private and Human-Made (Resource Users)
(none specified)Human Infrastructure, Private and Human-Made (Public Infrastructure Providers)
(none specified)Schlager E, University of Arizona.
Brady U, Arizona State University.
. 1986. Local Level Management and the Commons Problem: A Comparative Study of Turkish Coastal Fisheries. Marine Policy. 10:215-229.