Gahavälla Beach Seine Fishing, Sri Lanka

RESOURCE:

The resource appropriated from Gahavalla Village is Gahavalla Inshore. The resource discussed was located in Gahavalla, and included the south section of beach and near inshore.

SCREENER:

Case: Gahavalla Village, Sri Lanka

The information regarding the following common-pool resource system was taken from empirical evidence from a field setting. Data on the system was extracted from a monograph. Currently, there are no additional documents to cite which may provide further information about this common-pool resource.

These documents describe one resource in detail. The primary resource is the Gahavalla Village, situated in Gahavalla Village of Sri Lanka. More generally, it is located in Middle East & South Asia. The system's sector is that of fisheries. Relatively good information has been collected about the stakes of participants who appropriate from Gahavalla Village. The condition of this resource is not well understood. Complete information is available regarding the strategies used by key groups interacting with the system. There is thorough documentation of the operational rules for this resource. This is the result of a high level of confidence that the authors who recorded the features of Gahavalla Village have a complete knowledge of its particulars. Furthermore, the authors have provided sufficient data to formulate a structured coding process.

The Gahavalla Village covers no area. There are 51-100 total appropriator teams appropriating from the resource . Appropriator teams for the resource are never formally organized.

Alexander provides a detailed economic analysis for why this village has invested in over 100 beach seines when only 20 can be used efficiently. A beach seine rotation scheme, developed under subsistence conditions to provide equitable access to all, was continued after fisheries began to sell most of their fish. Requests by local fisheries to central government to restrict licensed nets were ignored at several key junctures. Fishers and other local villagers with substantial wealth used their entrepreneurship to invest in more and more beach seines and used their political resources to get central government officials to support their entry (with police power at one point) rather than for collective action. Given the almost total lack of autonomy, the speed with which the local economy changed from subsistence to market, and the lack of local organization or infrastructure, no rule changes were adopted to close access to new nets before severe overcapitalization occurred.

CITATION(S):

Alexander, Paul (1982) SRI LANKAN FISHERMEN: RIVAL CAPITALISM AND PEASANT SOCIETY. Canberra: Australian National University.

RESOURCE INFO:

The resource appropriated from Gahavalla Village is Gahavalla Inshore. It is produced biologically and is a renewable moving (fugitive) unit. The resource discussed was located in Gahavalla, and included the south section of beach and near inshore.

The boundary of this resource has natural/constructed and institutional arrangements which do not limit entry. The boundaries of this resource are the same as the location, and exist in one country, and are not divided among multiple general purpose local jurisdictions at a single level. The boundaries of this resource are independent of a development project designed by non-residents.

There are distinct and stable micro-environmental or ecological zones within this resource (highly confident). The case information did not indicate whether or not a variance in quality between zones has ever created conflict among appropriators.

There are not strategic points within the resource where the main flow of the Gahavalla Inshore can be controlled (highly confident). There is considerable, and mildly predictable variation over space in the availability of Gahavalla Inshore within the resource (highly confident). There is considerable, but highly unpredictable variation in the flow of Gahavalla Inshore within a single year (highly confident). There is considerable, but unpredictable variation in the flow of Gahavalla Inshore from year to year (highly confident).

The bottom topography of Gahavalla Village is primarily sand (inferred).

If no rules in use were being followed, the relationship among the appropriation processes would have conflictual effects (highly confident).

The boundaries of the production resource do not coincide with the boundaries of the location. Rather, the location is within the boundaries of the appropriation resource (highly confident). The boundaries of the production resource are not equivalent to the boundaries of the location. The boundaries of the location lie within the boundaries of the production resource (highly confident). The boundaries of the distribution resource are not identical to the boundaries of the appropriation resource, but appropriation is within the boundaries of distribution (highly confident). The boundaries of the production resource are roughly equivalent to the boundaries of the distribution resource (highly confident).

LOCATION:

The appropriation resources are situated in "Gahavalla" (pseudonym), corresponding to either Dikwella or Dondra Head on Sinimodera River. The boundaries of the location are defined by a natural ecosystem and a village. Regarding the use of the irrigation system, there were few adverse affects throughout the entire period in the relationships among appropriation processes.

The system is located within one country. Within this country, the system's location is not divided among several general purpose local jurisdictions at the same level. A permanent population lives year round in this location .

The latitude of this location is 6.N, and its longitude is 80.5'E. The elevation of this location is 0 meters (inferred). The highest elevation is 0 (inferred). The lowest elevation of this location is 0 (inferred). The region's average annual rainfall is 1400 milimeters. The region's average annual evapotranspiration is . The distribution of rainfall and evapotranspiration per month is as follows:

January precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

February precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

March precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

April precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

May precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

June precipitation: 188, evapotraspiration: 0

July precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

August precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

September precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

October precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

November precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

December precipitation: 190, evapotraspiration: 0

LOCATION:

The appropriation resources are situated in "Gahavalla" (pseudonym), corresponding to either Dikwella or Dondra Head on Sinimodera River. The boundaries of the location are natural boundaries, submerged rocks, and a politically defined village. Regarding the use of the irrigation system, there were few adverse affects throughout the entire period in the relationships among appropriation processes.

The system is located within one country. Within this country, the system's location is not divided among several general purpose local jurisdictions at the same level. A permanent population lives year round in this location . There is frequent contact and communication between people in this location and officials in a nearby administrative center . Additionally, the most common mode of transportation in this region is Bus. This location is also characterized by an economy that is stable and tied to other economic networks during the entire time period .

The latitude of this location is 6.N, and its longitude is 80.5'E. The elevation of this location is 0 meters (inferred). The highest elevation is 0 (inferred). The lowest elevation of this location is 0 (inferred). The region's average annual rainfall is 1400 milimeters. The region's average annual evapotranspiration is . The distribution of rainfall and evapotranspiration per month is as follows:

January precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

February precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

March precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

April precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

May precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

June precipitation: 188, evapotraspiration: 0

July precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

August precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

September precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

October precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

November precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0

December precipitation: 190, evapotraspiration: 0

COUNTRY, REGION, TIME:

This study examines a common-pool resource institution in Ceylon, starting in 0, ending in 1965.

During the period of time that this region was studied, the citizens of Ceylon were not able to follow formal procedures to create their own local general purpose governments. If a basic charter of a traditionally evolved local general purpose government was in existence, it could not be maintained (highly confident). The citizens living in Ceylon were not able to follow formal procedures to create their own local special purpose enterprises with some public powers (highly confident). The basic charter of a traditionally evolved local special purpose enterprise could not be maintained (highly confident).

During the time of this study, citizens in this or simliar regions had not created or evolved public enterprises with public treasuries and collective decisions outside the formal governmental structure (highly confident).

The individuals that made collective choice decisions in Ceylon were officials appointed by a higher level government whose actions were reviewed, approved, or rejected by their superiors in some decision areas and who could act on their own in other areas (highly confident).

COUNTRY, REGION, TIME:

This study examines a common-pool resource institution in Sri Lanka, starting in 1965, ending in 1975.

During the period of time that this region was studied, the citizens of Sri Lanka were not able to follow formal procedures to create their own local general purpose governments (highly confident). If a basic charter of a traditionally evolved local general purpose government was in existence, it could not be maintained (highly confident). The citizens living in Sri Lanka were not able to follow formal procedures to create their own local special purpose enterprises with some public powers (highly confident). The basic charter of a traditionally evolved local special purpose enterprise could not be maintained.

During the time of this study, citizens in this or simliar regions had not created or evolved public enterprises with public treasuries and collective decisions outside the formal governmental structure (highly confident).

The individuals that made collective choice decisions in Sri Lanka were officials appointed by a higher level government whose actions were reviewed, approved or rejected by their superiors (highly confident).

RESOURCE:

The resource appropriated from Gahavalla Village is Gahavalla Inshore. The resource discussed was located in Gahavalla, and included the south section of beach and near inshore.

OPERATIONAL LEVEL:

TYPE OF SITUATION

The processes described in the related documents are primarily related to appropriation and use. The formal owner(s) of the resource discussed in this study is a central government. The set of individuals who have rights to withdraw from this resource is well-defined. As of the beginning of this period, the owners are exercising (or attempting to exercise de jure) but not effective in achieving closed access to this resource. Since the beginning of this period, the appropriators are exercising (or attempting to exercise de facto) closed access to this resource.

EVENTS MARKING THE BEGINNING ACTION SITUATION

It is estimated that the operational level coded on this form ended in 0. The estimated duration of the patterns that are described in this form is 26 to 50 years. Throughout the duration there were no changes made in operational, collective, or consititutional rules. There was no change in resource size or structure. There was an enhancement of physical capabilities to withdraw units (e.g. introduction of turbine pump) from the resource during the time of this study. There was no substantial external change in the value of the units appropriated. The quantity of units available did not change due to a change in appropriation patterns of other appropriators' withdrawals from the same production or distribution resource. There were no new groups starting to withdraw units from the appropriation resource. There was no recorded change to one or more variables internal to the operational level. The author does not begin the description of this case at this point in history. The author begins at this point in history because Availability of data..

CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF PERIOD COVERED BY THIS FORM*

For biological resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was quite abundant (highly confident). For biological resources at the end of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was moderately abundant (confident). For physical resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units was quite abundant (highly confident). For physical resources at the end of the period the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units, was moderately abundant (confident).

The following includes the available statistics on the use of this resource at the beginning of the time period, followed by the end of the time period:

It is not indicated whether or not the units were sexually mature at this size or age at the beginning of this period. It is not indicated whether or not the units were sexually mature at this size or age at the end of this period.

*In fisheries and other biological systems, this is the maximum sustainable number of units. In irrigation, this refers to the optimal water requirements of the crops in the established fields served by this system.

At the beginning of the period, the units were predominantly consumed by appropriators and families, and also sold in local markets, and sold in external markets.

At the end of the period, the units were predominantly consumed by appropriators and families, and also sold in local markets, and sold in external markets.

As of the beginning of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). As of the end of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). At the beginning of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources, due to the way units are being appropriated (ambiguous). At the end of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources due to the way units are being appropriated (ambiguous). As of the beginning of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was relatively low (inferred). As of the end of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was modest (highly confident). At the beginning of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location had no effect on the appropriation resources (highly confident). At the end of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location had no effect on the appropriation resources (highly confident). At the beginning of this period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (inferred). At the end of the period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (inferred). ## Unknown markup: Start ##By the end of this period no change had occurred in the property rights regime related to the appropriation resource (highly confident). At the end of this period the owners were exercising, or attempting to exercise, de jure but not effective closed access to this resource (highly confident). At the end of the period the appropriators were exercising, or attempting to exercise, de facto closed access to this resource, but "outsiders" began to appropriate at a moderate level (highly confident).

INFORMATION LEVELS

There are readily available maps or charts of the appropriation resource for use by the appropriators (inferred). Maps and/or charts of the production and distribution resources are not available to the appropriators (educated guess). The appropriators of this resource can be seen by each other while withdrawing and delivering units (highly confident). No appropriators are in radio communication with each other while appropriating from the resource (educated guess). There are not actions being taken, by appropriators or officials, to generate information about the condition of the resource (inferred). There are always records of the withdrawals from this resource kept in a systematic way (highly confident). There are not records of the physical factors which directly affected the resource kept in a systematic way (inferred). There are not records of the appropriators' contributions to monitoring of the resource kept in a systematic way (inferred). Records are kept in a language accessible to most of the appropriators (inferred). The keepers of these records are not "officials" (inferred). These records are available for inspection by appropriators (inferred). There are arenas being used for the exchange of information about conditions of the resource (highly confident). Appropriators get together to discuss mutual problems of the resource daily (highly confident). The appropriators have an intimate knowledge of the characteristics of this resource (highly confident).

POTENTIAL ACTIONS AND LEVELS OF CONTROL

There are no specialized staff or workers to undertake maintenance (highly confident). The quality or quantity of the units available to the appropriators are not adversely affected by the strategies of prior appropriators (educated guess). There are not problems of pollution resulting from activities of others who are not appropriators of this resource or inhabitants of this location (e.g. acid rain, sewage disposal) (educated guess). Most appropriators sell this resource in one market (ambiguous). There does not appear to be an insurance mechanism available to the appropriators related to variability of income from the resource.

PATTERNS OF INTERACTION

Differences between subgroups relating to gender identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to ethnic identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to clan identification does not affect communication (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to racial identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to caste identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to religious identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to languages spoken does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to general cultural views of the resource system and its use does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to any problems that affect communication does not exist (highly confident).

The general manner in which appropriators related to one another during this study is a relatively positive, reciprocal manner -- the presumption was made that long-term relationships are involved and positive actions are undertaken without a specific expectation of return (educated guess). The documents present evidence that the appropriators have a general cultural pattern that stressed various types of cooperative activities besides the management of this resource (highly confident). If someone violated the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is very likely that he/she would encounter social sanctions imposed by other appropriators (who are not filling posititions as official monitors) (ambiguous). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is very unlikely that an official monitor or guard would move to impose sanctions (confident). There is little or no variation of sanctions imposed depending on rule infractions and in regard to social, physical, and official sanctions (educated guess).

POSITIONS AND PARTICIPANTS

At the end of the period studied the position of non-appropriator (individuals prevented from using the resource) did exist. At the end of the period studied there was an estimate of less than 25 participant(s) in this position. At the beginning of the period there was a general estimate of 201-500 appropriators. A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was 51-100, at the beginning of the period. A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was 51-100, at the end of the period. The "official" position of monitor (apart from the willingness of all appropriators to monitor) does not exist (inferred).

The appropriators monitor the appropriation activities of each other apart from the monitoring of any "official" guards (highly confident).

NUMBER AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROUPS

There will be 1 subgroup form(s) completed in relation to this operational level form. The ID number(s) of the subgroup(s) coded are as follows: 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

EVALUATION OF RESULTS

There are no appropriators who were consistently disadvantaged in this period (inferred). The relatively worst off appropriators have not been cut out of their benefits from this resource or substantially harmed (inferred). By the end of the period studied the distance between those who were the least advantaged and those who were the most advantaged could be characterized as remaining relatively constant over time (inferred).

AUTHOR'S EVALUATION AND CAUSAL ASSUMPTIONS

In this coding form the author focuses on the readers' concept of results and the evaluation of results (highly confident).

The author identifies this as a case of overcapitalization, and evaluated the situation as being adverse to the interests of the fishers. Population is also increasing and resulting in the expansion of the number of net owners. The author evaluates efficiency as medium, based on income per year per fisherman. The efficiency is declining due to overcapitalization, and the author proposes that the number of beach seines be reduced..

SUBGROUP:

Participants:

This appropriation group are the Beachseiners. The criteria for who is a member is well defined (highly confident). Membership at the start of this group numbered 50. This group ended with a membership of 208. An estimated 10%-25% of this group is literate in a language that records or publications about this resource and/or location (or other similar resources) is kept (educated guess).

The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:

Gender identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Ethnic or cultural identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are ethnically identified as Sinhalese. The difference in composition with regard to clan identification does not affect communication (highly confident). Racial identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Caste identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are of the cast Karava. Religious identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are religiously identified as Buddhist. There is no difference in composition with regard to languages spoken (highly confident). The language spoken by most members of the subgroup is Sengala. Problems within this group that are also mentioned by the author stem from factions.

The appropriation process is organized as a team process consisting of 20 groups. The head of an appropriation team is based on extended family or clan relationships (highly confident).

Legal Rights:

Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (highly confident). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (highly confident). Rights to participate in management of this resource are not held either de facto nor de jure (highly confident). Exclusion from use of the entire resource is exercised de facto (educated guess). Members of this subgroup have de facto rights to decide who can be excluded from particular zones within the resource. (educated guess). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (highly confident). The separable rights to exercise transfer to shares of this appropriation resource, or closely related production and/or distribution resources are neither held de jure nor de facto (highly confident). Transferring shares of major appropriation equipment which are necessary to engage in appropriation is exercised de jure## Unknown column: EQUIPSHAR ##.

Stakes and Resources:

The length of time this subgroup has regularly appropriated from this resource is 51 through 75 years (highly confident). Around 91%-100% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource (highly confident). More than one year is needed to build or to earn enough income to purchase the equipment for an appropriation team (confident). Given the assets of members, the capital required to set up an appropriation team places pressure upon the appropriators to get immediate returns from appropriation (highly confident). Most people in this subgroup are very dependent (i.e. most of the family income) on this resource (highly confident). Around 76%-90% of this subgroup work a substantial amount of time in activities not associated with appropriation from this resource (highly confident). The proportion of this subgroup that currently appropriates similar units from other resources is less than 10% (highly confident). Given the economy of the location, the average annual family income (including all non-monetary forms of income) is considered low (highly confident). The variance of the average annual family income across families is low (ambiguous). Over time the variance of the average annual family income across families is moderate (educated guess). Capital is owned by 91%-100% of this subgroup (highly confident). No real alternatives for the supply unit are available (highly confident).

Potential Actions and Levels of Control:

A noticeable impact on the balance of the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available in this resource would occur in a drastic reduction of this subgroup's appropriation activities (inferred). Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules cause unknown contraints, time limits which limit the range of choice heavily constrain, quantity rules cause unknown contraints, marginal units or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation have a moderate value immediate return (inferred).

Technology:

The most recent technological change experienced by this subgroup was 51-75 years ago (highly confident). Considering other technologies that have not changed, this technology has been in use for 51-75 years (highly confident). The appropriative power of the technology used does not threaten the balance between units withdrawn and units available even if no new users are added (inferred).

Strategies Adopted:

At the beginning of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant (inferred). At the end of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was accelerating (inferred). During this time period members have not invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (inferred). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has not been made by members (inferred). Resources have not been expended (including time) to avoid actions that would harm the structure of the appropriation resource (inferred). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (highly confident). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that almost all of the members follow the rules set in place (inferred). The level of infraction of members who are not rule followers is generally small (inferred). No action has been proposed to alter the operational or collective-choice rules affecting the appropriation from this resource (inferred).

Subgroup Results:

This subgroup appropriates 76%-90% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (educated guess). By the end of this time period the appropriates from this resource have remained approximately constant (inferred). The absolute quantity of appropriation units obtained by this group has remained constant (inferred).

OPERATIONAL LEVEL:

TYPE OF SITUATION

The processes described in the related documents are primarily related to appropriation and use. The formal owner(s) of the resource discussed in this study is a central government. The set of individuals who have rights to withdraw from this resource is well-defined. As of the beginning of this period, the owners are exercising (or attempting to exercise de jure) but not effective in achieving closed access to this resource. Since the beginning of this period, the appropriators are exercising (or attempting to exercise de facto) closed access to this resource, but "outsiders" began to appropriate at a relatively substantial level.

EVENTS MARKING THE BEGINNING ACTION SITUATION

It is estimated that the operational level coded on this form ended in 0. The estimated duration of the patterns that are described in this form is 11 to 25 years. Throughout the duration there were no changes made in operational, collective, or consititutional rules. There was no change in resource size or structure. There was no new technology introduced to the system over the duration of the patterns coded on this form. There was a major increase in the value of the units appropriated. The quantity of units available did not change due to a change in appropriation patterns of other appropriators' withdrawals from the same production or distribution resource. There were no new groups starting to withdraw units from the appropriation resource. There was no recorded change to one or more variables internal to the operational level. The author does not begin the description of this case at this point in history.

CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF PERIOD COVERED BY THIS FORM*

For biological resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was quite abundant (confident). For biological resources at the end of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was moderately abundant (confident). For physical resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units was quite abundant (confident). For physical resources at the end of the period the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units, was moderately abundant (confident).

The following includes the available statistics on the use of this resource at the beginning of the time period, followed by the end of the time period:

It is not indicated whether or not the units were sexually mature at this size or age at the beginning of this period. It is not indicated whether or not the units were sexually mature at this size or age at the end of this period.

*In fisheries and other biological systems, this is the maximum sustainable number of units. In irrigation, this refers to the optimal water requirements of the crops in the established fields served by this system.

At the beginning of the period, the units were predominantly consumed by appropriators and families, and also sold in local markets, and sold in external markets.

At the end of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets, and also sold in local markets, and consumed by appropriators and families.

As of the beginning of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). As of the end of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). At the beginning of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources, due to the way units are being appropriated (ambiguous). At the end of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources due to the way units are being appropriated (ambiguous). As of the beginning of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was modest (inferred). As of the end of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was modest (highly confident). At the beginning of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location had no effect on the appropriation resources (highly confident). At the end of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location had no effect on the appropriation resources (highly confident). At the beginning of this period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (inferred). At the end of the period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (inferred). ## Unknown markup: Start ##By the end of this period developments had occurred which tended toward a change in the property rights regime related to the appropriation resource (highly confident). At the end of this period the owners were exercising, or attempting to exercise, de jure but not effective closed access to this resource (highly confident). At the end of the period the appropriators were exercising, or attempting to exercise, de facto closed access to this resource, but "outsiders" began to appropriate at a relatively substantial level (highly confident).

INFORMATION LEVELS

There are readily available maps or charts of the appropriation resource for use by the appropriators (inferred). Maps and/or charts of the production and distribution resources are not available to the appropriators (educated guess). The appropriators of this resource can be seen by each other while withdrawing and delivering units (highly confident). No appropriators are in radio communication with each other while appropriating from the resource (educated guess). There are not actions being taken, by appropriators or officials, to generate information about the condition of the resource (highly confident). There are always records of the withdrawals from this resource kept in a systematic way (highly confident). There are not records of the physical factors which directly affected the resource kept in a systematic way (highly confident). There are not records of the appropriators' contributions to monitoring of the resource kept in a systematic way (inferred). Records are kept in a language accessible to most of the appropriators (inferred). The keepers of these records are not "officials" (inferred). These records are available for inspection by appropriators (highly confident). There are arenas being used for the exchange of information about conditions of the resource (highly confident). Appropriators get together to discuss mutual problems of the resource daily (highly confident). The appropriators have an intimate knowledge of the characteristics of this resource (highly confident).

POTENTIAL ACTIONS AND LEVELS OF CONTROL

There are no specialized staff or workers to undertake maintenance (highly confident). The quality or quantity of the units available to the appropriators are not adversely affected by the strategies of prior appropriators (educated guess). There are not problems of pollution resulting from activities of others who are not appropriators of this resource or inhabitants of this location (e.g. acid rain, sewage disposal) (educated guess). Almost all appropriators sell this resource in one market (inferred). There does not appear to be an insurance mechanism available to the appropriators related to variability of income from the resource (educated guess).

PATTERNS OF INTERACTION

Differences between subgroups relating to gender identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to ethnic identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to clan identification does not affect communication (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to racial identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to caste identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to religious identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to languages spoken does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to general cultural views of the resource system and its use does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to any problems that affect communication does not exist (highly confident).

The general manner in which appropriators related to one another during this study is a relatively positive, reciprocal manner -- the presumption was made that long-term relationships are involved and positive actions are undertaken without a specific expectation of return (educated guess). The documents present evidence that the appropriators have a general cultural pattern that stressed various types of cooperative activities besides the management of this resource (highly confident). If someone violated the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is very likely that he/she would encounter social sanctions imposed by other appropriators (who are not filling posititions as official monitors) (ambiguous). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is very unlikely that an official monitor or guard would move to impose sanctions (confident). There is little or no variation of sanctions imposed depending on rule infractions and in regard to social, physical, and official sanctions (educated guess).

POSITIONS AND PARTICIPANTS

At the end of the period studied the position of non-appropriator (individuals prevented from using the resource) did exist. At the end of the period studied there was an estimate of less than 25 participant(s) in this position. At the beginning of the period there was a general estimate of 201-500 appropriators (highly confident). There was a general estimate of 201-500 appropriators at the end of the period. A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was 51-100, at the beginning of the period. A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was 201-500, at the end of the period. The "official" position of monitor (apart from the willingness of all appropriators to monitor) does not exist (highly confident).

The appropriators monitor the appropriation activities of each other apart from the monitoring of any "official" guards (highly confident).

NUMBER AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROUPS

There will be 2 subgroup form(s) completed in relation to this operational level form. The ID number(s) of the subgroup(s) coded are as follows: 1 - 2 - 0 - 0

Subgroups 1 and 2 differ in legal rights to appropriate units and in withdrawal rates from the resource.

Subgroups 1 and 2 do not differ in exposure to variations in supply, in levels of dependency on the units withdrawn from this resource, and in the way they use the appropriation units.

EVALUATION OF RESULTS

There are appropriators who were consistently disadvantaged in this period (highly confident). The relatively worst off appropriators have been cut out of their benefits from this resource or substantially harmed (highly confident). By the end of the period studied the distance between those who were the least advantaged and those who were the most advantaged could be characterized as increasing over time (highly confident).

AUTHOR'S EVALUATION AND CAUSAL ASSUMPTIONS

In this coding form the author focuses on the readers' concept of results and the evaluation of results.

The author identifies this as a case of overcapitalization, and evaluated the situation as being adverse to the interests of the fishers. The identified cause was that fast profits in early 40's enabled non-fishers to aquire ownership of nets. The concept of results was not quite captured - ownership of appropriation equipment was most important here. The author evaluates the efficiency as low, based on income per year per fisherman. The author states that efficiency is declining due to overcapitalization, and proposes a decrease in the number of beach seines..

SUBGROUP:

Participants:

This appropriation group are the Beachseiners. The criteria for who is a member is not well defined (highly confident). Membership at the start of this group numbered 208. This group ended with a membership of 250. An estimated 10%-25% of this group is literate in a language that records or publications about this resource and/or location (or other similar resources) is kept (educated guess).

The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:

Gender identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Ethnic or cultural identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are ethnically identified as Sinhalese. The difference in composition with regard to clan identification does not affect communication (highly confident). Racial identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Caste identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are of the cast Karava. Religious identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are religiously identified as Buddhists. There is no difference in composition with regard to languages spoken (highly confident). The language spoken by most members of the subgroup is Singala. Problems within this group that are also mentioned by the author stem from factions.

The appropriation process is organized as a team process consisting of 36 groups. The head of an appropriation team is based on extended family or clan relationships (highly confident).

Legal Rights:

Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (highly confident). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (highly confident). Rights to participate in management of this resource are not held either de facto nor de jure (highly confident). Exlusion from use of the entire resource is not exercised either de facto nor de jure (highly confident). Members of this subgroup cannot exercise the right to decide who can be excluded from particular zones within the resource either de facto nor de jure. (highly confident). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (highly confident). The separable rights to exercise transfer to shares of this appropriation resource, or closely related production and/or distribution resources are neither held de jure nor de facto (highly confident). Transferring shares of major appropriation equipment which are necessary to engage in appropriation is exercised de jure## Unknown column: EQUIPSHAR ##.

Stakes and Resources:

The length of time this subgroup has regularly appropriated from this resource is 76 through 100 years. Around 91%-100% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource (highly confident). More than one year is needed to build or to earn enough income to purchase the equipment for an appropriation team (confident). Given the assets of members, the capital required to set up an appropriation team places pressure upon the appropriators to get immediate returns from appropriation (highly confident). Most people in this subgroup are very dependent (i.e. most of the family income) on this resource (highly confident). Around 10%-25% of this subgroup work a substantial amount of time in activities not associated with appropriation from this resource (highly confident). The proportion of this subgroup that currently appropriates similar units from other resources is less than 10% (highly confident). Given the economy of the location, the average annual family income (including all non-monetary forms of income) is considered low (highly confident). The variance of the average annual family income across families is moderate (educated guess). Over time the variance of the average annual family income across families is high (educated guess). Capital is owned by 76%-90% of this subgroup (confident). No real alternatives for the supply unit are available.

Potential Actions and Levels of Control:

A noticeable impact on the balance of the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available in this resource would occur in a drastic reduction of this subgroup's appropriation activities. Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: time limits which limit the range of choice heavily constrain (highly confident), marginal units or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation have a moderate value immediate return (inferred).

Technology:

The most recent technological change experienced by this subgroup was 76-100 years ago (highly confident). Considering other technologies that have not changed, this technology has been in use for 76-100 years (highly confident). The appropriative power of the technology used does not threaten the balance between units withdrawn and units available even if no new users are added (inferred).

Strategies Adopted:

At the beginning of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was increasing. At the end of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant. During this time period members have not invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (inferred). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has not been made by members (inferred). Resources have not been expended (including time) to avoid actions that would harm the structure of the appropriation resource (inferred). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (highly confident). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that almost all of the members follow the rules set in place (highly confident). The level of infraction of members who are not rule followers is generally small (inferred). Action in the collective choice arena has been proposed to alter the operational or collective-choice rules affecting the appropriation from this resource (highly confident).

Subgroup Results:

This subgroup appropriates 76%-90% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (confident). By the end of this time period the appropriates from this resource have remained approximately constant (inferred). The absolute quantity of appropriation units obtained by this group has remained constant (inferred).

OPERATIONAL LEVEL:

TYPE OF SITUATION

The processes described in the related documents are primarily related to appropriation and use. The formal owner(s) of the resource discussed in this study is a central government. The set of individuals who have rights to withdraw from this resource is well-defined. As of the beginning of this period, the owners are exercising (or attempting to exercise de jure) and effective in gaining closed access to this resource. Since the beginning of this period, the appropriators are not exercising, or attempting to exercise closed access to this resource.

EVENTS MARKING THE BEGINNING ACTION SITUATION

It is estimated that the operational level coded on this form ended in 0. The estimated duration of the patterns that are described in this form is 11 to 25 years. Throughout the duration there were no changes made in operational, collective, or consititutional rules. There was no change in resource size or structure. There was no new technology introduced to the system over the duration of the patterns coded on this form. There was no substantial external change in the value of the units appropriated. The quantity of units available did not change due to a change in appropriation patterns of other appropriators' withdrawals from the same production or distribution resource. There was a new local group starting to withdraw units from the appropriation resource. There was no recorded change to one or more variables internal to the operational level. The author does not begin the description of this case at this point in history.

CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF PERIOD COVERED BY THIS FORM*

For biological resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was moderately abundant (confident). For biological resources at the end of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was moderately abundant (confident). For physical resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units was moderately abundant (confident). For physical resources at the end of the period the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units, was moderately abundant (confident).

The following includes the available statistics on the use of this resource at the beginning of the time period, followed by the end of the time period:

It is not indicated whether or not the units were sexually mature at this size or age at the beginning of this period. It is not indicated whether or not the units were sexually mature at this size or age at the end of this period.

*In fisheries and other biological systems, this is the maximum sustainable number of units. In irrigation, this refers to the optimal water requirements of the crops in the established fields served by this system.

At the beginning of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets, and also sold in local markets, and consumed by appropriators and families.

At the end of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets, and also sold in local markets, and consumed by appropriators and families.

As of the beginning of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). As of the end of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). At the beginning of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources, due to the way units are being appropriated (ambiguous). At the end of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources due to the way units are being appropriated (ambiguous). As of the beginning of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was relatively low (inferred). As of the end of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was modest (highly confident). At the beginning of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location had no effect on the appropriation resources (highly confident). At the end of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location had no effect on the appropriation resources (highly confident). At the beginning of this period the appropriators shared modest levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises are used but appropriators may be uncertain about performance) (inferred). At the end of the period the appropriators shared modest levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises are used but appropriators may be uncertain about performance) (inferred). ## Unknown markup: Start ##By the end of this period no change had occurred in the property rights regime related to the appropriation resource. At the end of this period the owners were exercising, or attempting to exercise, de jure and effective closed access to this resource (highly confident). At the end of the period the appropriators were not exercising, nor attempting to exercise, closed access to this resource.

INFORMATION LEVELS

There are readily available maps or charts of the appropriation resource for use by the appropriators (inferred). Maps and/or charts of the production and distribution resources are not available to the appropriators (educated guess). The appropriators of this resource can be seen by each other while withdrawing and delivering units (highly confident). No appropriators are in radio communication with each other while appropriating from the resource (educated guess). There are not actions being taken, by appropriators or officials, to generate information about the condition of the resource (inferred). There are always records of the withdrawals from this resource kept in a systematic way (highly confident). There are not records of the physical factors which directly affected the resource kept in a systematic way (inferred). There are not records of the appropriators' contributions to monitoring of the resource kept in a systematic way (inferred). Records are kept in a language accessible to most of the appropriators (inferred). The keepers of these records are not "officials" (inferred). These records are available for inspection by appropriators (inferred). There are arenas being used for the exchange of information about conditions of the resource (highly confident). Appropriators get together to discuss mutual problems of the resource daily (highly confident). The appropriators have an intimate knowledge of the characteristics of this resource (highly confident).

POTENTIAL ACTIONS AND LEVELS OF CONTROL

There are no specialized staff or workers to undertake maintenance (highly confident). The quality or quantity of the units available to the appropriators are not adversely affected by the strategies of prior appropriators (educated guess). There are not problems of pollution resulting from activities of others who are not appropriators of this resource or inhabitants of this location (e.g. acid rain, sewage disposal) (educated guess). Almost all appropriators sell this resource in one market (inferred). There does not appear to be an insurance mechanism available to the appropriators related to variability of income from the resource (educated guess).

PATTERNS OF INTERACTION

Differences between subgroups relating to gender identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to ethnic identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to clan identification does not affect communication (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to racial identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to caste identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to religious identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to languages spoken does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to general cultural views of the resource system and its use does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to any problems that affect communication does not exist (highly confident).

The general manner in which appropriators related to one another during this study is a relatively neutral, quid-pro-quo manner -- each exchange was evaluated for what it might bring (ambiguous). The documents present evidence that the appropriators have a general cultural pattern that stressed various types of cooperative activities besides the management of this resource (highly confident). If someone violated the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is very likely that he/she would encounter social sanctions imposed by other appropriators (who are not filling posititions as official monitors) (ambiguous). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is very unlikely that an official monitor or guard would move to impose sanctions (confident). There is little or no variation of sanctions imposed depending on rule infractions and in regard to social, physical, and official sanctions (educated guess).

POSITIONS AND PARTICIPANTS

At the end of the period studied the position of non-appropriator (individuals prevented from using the resource) did exist. At the beginning of the period there was a general estimate of 201-500 appropriators. There was a general estimate of 201-500 appropriators at the end of the period. A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was 201-500, at the beginning of the period. A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was 501-1000, at the end of the period. The "official" position of monitor (apart from the willingness of all appropriators to monitor) does not exist (highly confident).

The appropriators monitor the appropriation activities of each other apart from the monitoring of any "official" guards (highly confident).

NUMBER AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROUPS

There will be 1 subgroup form(s) completed in relation to this operational level form. The ID number(s) of the subgroup(s) coded are as follows: 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

EVALUATION OF RESULTS

There are appropriators who were consistently disadvantaged in this period (highly confident). The relatively worst off appropriators have been cut out of their benefits from this resource or substantially harmed (highly confident). By the end of the period studied the distance between those who were the least advantaged and those who were the most advantaged could be characterized as increasing over time (highly confident).

AUTHOR'S EVALUATION AND CAUSAL ASSUMPTIONS

In this coding form the author focuses on the readers' concept of results and the evaluation of results.

The author identifies this as a case of overcapitalization and exit of poorest. It was evaluated as being adverse to the interests of the fishers. The cause that the author identified for these circumstances was that political connections to the central government enabled local traders to open access to him after it was closed for some years. The concept of the results was not quite captured - role of central government in backing new entrant instead of fishers who wanted to exclude. The evaluated efficiency of this system was low, based on income per year per fisherman. The efficiency was also described as declining due to overcapitalization. To increase efficiency, the author proposed decreasing the number of nets..

SUBGROUP:

Participants:

The criteria for who is a member is well defined. . This group ended with a membership of 274. An estimated 10%-25% of this group is literate in a language that records or publications about this resource and/or location (or other similar resources) is kept (educated guess).

The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:

Gender identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Ethnic or cultural identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are ethnically identified as Sinhalese. The difference in composition with regard to clan identification does not affect communication (highly confident). Racial identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Caste identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are of the cast Karava. Religious identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are religiously identified as Buddhists. There is no difference in composition with regard to languages spoken (highly confident). The language spoken by most members of the subgroup is Singala. Problems within this group that are also mentioned by the author stem from factions.

The appropriation process is organized as a team process consisting of 83 groups. The head of an appropriation team is based on exchange relationships.

Legal Rights:

Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (highly confident). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (highly confident). Rights to participate in management of this resource are not held either de facto nor de jure (highly confident). Exlusion from use of the entire resource is not exercised either de facto nor de jure (highly confident). Members of this subgroup cannot exercise the right to decide who can be excluded from particular zones within the resource either de facto nor de jure. (highly confident). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (highly confident). The separable rights to exercise transfer to shares of this appropriation resource, or closely related production and/or distribution resources are neither held de jure nor de facto (highly confident). Transferring shares of major appropriation equipment which are necessary to engage in appropriation is exercised de jure## Unknown column: EQUIPSHAR ##.

Stakes and Resources:

The length of time this subgroup has regularly appropriated from this resource is 76 through 100 years. Around 76%-90% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource. More than one year is needed to build or to earn enough income to purchase the equipment for an appropriation team (confident). Given the assets of members, the capital required to set up an appropriation team places pressure upon the appropriators to get immediate returns from appropriation (highly confident). Most people in this subgroup are very dependent (i.e. most of the family income) on this resource (highly confident). Less than 10% of this subgroup work a substantial amount of time in activities not associated with appropriation from this resource (highly confident). The proportion of this subgroup that currently appropriates similar units from other resources is less than 10% (highly confident). Given the economy of the location, the average annual family income (including all non-monetary forms of income) is considered low (highly confident). The variance of the average annual family income across families is high (educated guess). Over time the variance of the average annual family income across families is high (educated guess). Capital is owned by 51%-75% of this subgroup (educated guess). No real alternatives for the supply unit are available (highly confident).

Potential Actions and Levels of Control:

A noticeable impact on the balance of the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available in this resource would occur in a drastic reduction of this subgroup's appropriation activities (inferred). Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules cause unknown contraints, time limits which limit the range of choice heavily constrain, marginal units or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation have a moderate value immediate return (educated guess).

Technology:

The most recent technological change experienced by this subgroup was 76-100 years ago (highly confident). Considering other technologies that have not changed, this technology has been in use for 76-100 years (highly confident). The appropriative power of the technology used does not threaten the balance between units withdrawn and units available even if no new users are added (inferred).

Strategies Adopted:

At the beginning of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant (highly confident). At the end of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant (highly confident). During this time period members have not invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (inferred). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has not been made by members (inferred). Resources have not been expended (including time) to avoid actions that would harm the structure of the appropriation resource (inferred). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (highly confident). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that almost all of the members follow the rules set in place (highly confident). The level of infraction of members who are not rule followers is generally small (inferred). Action in the collective choice arena has been proposed to alter the operational or collective-choice rules affecting the appropriation from this resource (highly confident). Attempting to alter the behavior of appropriators, members of this group have threatened or actually used violence to enforce compliance with existing rules and to obtain a more favorable situation (regardless of the rules). Towards officials, members of this group have threatened or actually used violence to enforce compliance with existing rules.

Subgroup Results:

This subgroup appropriates 76%-90% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (confident). By the end of this time period the appropriates from this resource have remained approximately constant (inferred). The absolute quantity of appropriation units obtained by this group has remained constant (inferred).

RESOURCE:

The resource appropriated from Gahavalla Village is Gahavalla Inshore. The resource discussed was located in Gahavalla, and included the south section of beach and near inshore.

OPERATIONAL RULES:

Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides a few detailed references to operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below. Concerning regional collective choice, there is no regional level of government with collective choice responsibilities.

With regard to local collective choice, a level of government or organization of appropriators exists at the location but the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by collective choice mechanisms.

Boundary Rules

The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.

The regional level(s) of government or organization does not exist.

A rule exists requiring citizenship of a country. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).

A rule exists requiring citizenship or residence of a local community. This rule is enforced at the national and rules-in-use level(s).

A rule exists requiring ownership of some other form of limited property related to the appropriation from the resource. This rule is enforced at the national and rules-in-use level(s).

A rule exists requiring an appropriator to be of a certain gender. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).

A rule exists requiring registration on an eligibility list. This rule is enforced at the national and rules-in-use level(s).

Entry rights may be transmitted to one or more offspring.

Within one generation of potential resource appropriators, entry rights can be given, leased, rented, sold or transferred to others.

When transfer on a temporary or permanent basis is allowed, the person who makes the transfer determines to whom such rights can be transferred.

Authority and Scope Rules

The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.

The following paragraphs include information on rules of 1 cycle(s).

Authority Rules:

The regional level(s) of government or organization does not exist.

The length of the withdrawing season is 0 week(s)..

There is a rule requiring withdrawal in a fixed order, based on registration and/or ownership of equipment. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.

The authority and scope rules do not assign substantially unequal privileges to some subgroups above others.

Scope Rules:

The regional level(s) of government or organization does not exist.

Authority and scope rules do not assign substantially unequal duties among subgroups.

Information Rules

Payoff Rules

The default condition, that all appropriators can retain whatever they can physically keep hold of and no external rewards, taxes, or sanctions are imposed is not imposed in this case. Incarceration is not imposed as penalty on appropriators for breaking rules related to the appropriation of this resource. No fines can be imposed on appropriators for breaking rules related to the appropriation of this resource. Appropriators may not lose their entry or appropriation rights for breaking rules related to the appropriation of the resource. Severe community shunning is not used as a sanction that is consciously imposed on appropriators who break rules related to the appropriation of this resource. Appropriators cannot obtain external aid to develop their appropriation technologies. Appropriators cannot obtain external aid to develop or repair their production, distribution, or appropriation resources. Appropriators cannot obtain external aid to develop technologies for using the resource units. Appropriators are party to price support contracts or guaranteed purchase agreements with a local (private or public) agency(s) for the selling of resource units or commodities produced by resource units.

The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.

Owner(s) (non-operator(s)) of primary appropriation equipment:

100%; 0%; 0%

Owner(s) - operators(s) of primary appropriation equipment:

0%; 0%; 0%

Owner(s) (non-operator(s)) of supplementary appropriation equipment:

0%; 0%; 0%

Owner(s) - operator(s) of supplementary appropriation equipment:

0%; 0%; 0%

Crew with special assets (including non-owner captain):

0%; 0%; 0%

Regular crew (each):

0%; 0%; 0%

Other:

0%; 0%; 0%

Each beachsein is divided into eight shares called kottas or pangu which are transfered through inheritance or sale. Many fishers (and non-fishers) own shares in more than one net. Owners of a share may work their share or may employ wage laborers to work their share. When the person employed is a close relative and likely to inherit the share, that person is paid almost a full share's worth. Otherwise, the employee is paid at the local wage plus some fish.

Aggregation Rules

The default condition, that no rules specify contraints or requirements on the process to be used in deciding which actions will be taken, and that appropriators can have as much independence in deciding upon actions as they are physically able to exert, is imposed in this case.

Overall Questions About Rules Configuration

The general framework of the rules-in-use has governed the activities of this subgroup for 11 to 25 years.

OPERATIONAL RULES:

Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides a few detailed references to operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below. Concerning regional collective choice, there is no regional level of government with collective choice responsibilities.

With regard to local collective choice, a level of government or organization of appropriators exists at the location but the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by collective choice mechanisms.

Boundary Rules

The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.

The regional level(s) of government or organization does not exist.

A rule exists requiring citizenship of a country. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).

A rule exists requiring citizenship or residence of a local community. This rule is enforced at the national and rules-in-use level(s).

A rule exists requiring ownership of some other form of limited property related to the appropriation from the resource. This rule is enforced at the national and rules-in-use level(s).

A rule exists requiring an appropriator to be of a certain gender. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).

Entry rights may be transmitted to one or more offspring.

Within one generation of potential resource appropriators, entry rights can be given, leased, rented, sold or transferred to others.

When transfer on a temporary or permanent basis is allowed, the person who makes the transfer determines to whom such rights can be transferred.

Authority and Scope Rules

The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.

The following paragraphs include information on rules of 1 cycle(s).

Authority Rules:

The regional level(s) of government or organization does not exist.

The length of the withdrawing season is 0 week(s)..

There is a rule requiring withdrawal in a fixed order, based on registration and/or ownership of equipment. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.

The authority and scope rules do not assign substantially unequal privileges to some subgroups above others.

Scope Rules:

The regional level(s) of government or organization does not exist.

Authority and scope rules do not assign substantially unequal duties among subgroups.

Information Rules

Payoff Rules

The default condition, that all appropriators can retain whatever they can physically keep hold of and no external rewards, taxes, or sanctions are imposed is imposed in this case. Incarceration is not imposed as penalty on appropriators for breaking rules related to the appropriation of this resource. No fines can be imposed on appropriators for breaking rules related to the appropriation of this resource. Appropriators may not lose their entry or appropriation rights for breaking rules related to the appropriation of the resource. Severe community shunning is not used as a sanction that is consciously imposed on appropriators who break rules related to the appropriation of this resource. Appropriators cannot obtain external aid to develop their appropriation technologies. Appropriators cannot obtain external aid to develop or repair their production, distribution, or appropriation resources. Appropriators cannot obtain external aid to develop technologies for using the resource units. Appropriators are party to price support contracts or guaranteed purchase agreements with a local (private or public) agency(s) for the selling of resource units or commodities produced by resource units.

The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.

Owner(s) (non-operator(s)) of primary appropriation equipment:

100%; 0%; 0%

Owner(s) - operators(s) of primary appropriation equipment:

0%; 0%; 0%

Owner(s) (non-operator(s)) of supplementary appropriation equipment:

0%; 0%; 0%

Owner(s) - operator(s) of supplementary appropriation equipment:

0%; 0%; 0%

Crew with special assets (including non-owner captain):

0%; 0%; 0%

Regular crew (each):

0%; 0%; 0%

Other:

0%; 0%; 0%

Each beachsein is divided into eight shares called kottas or pangu which are transfered through inheritance or sale. Many fishers (and non-fishers) own shares in more than one net. Owners of a share may work their share or may employ wage laborers to work their share. When the person employed is a close relative and likely to inherit the share, the person will be paid almost a full share's worth. Otherwise, the employee is paid at the local wage plus some fish.

Aggregation Rules

The default condition, that no rules specify contraints or requirements on the process to be used in deciding which actions will be taken, and that appropriators can have as much independence in deciding upon actions as they are physically able to exert, is imposed in this case.

Overall Questions About Rules Configuration

The general framework of the rules-in-use has governed the activities of this subgroup for 26 to 50 years.

OPERATIONAL RULES:

Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides a few detailed references to operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below. Concerning regional collective choice, there is no regional level of government with collective choice responsibilities.

With regard to local collective choice, a level of government or organization of appropriators exists at the location but the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by collective choice mechanisms.

Boundary Rules

The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.

The regional level(s) of government or organization does not exist.

A rule exists requiring citizenship of a country. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).

A rule exists requiring citizenship or residence of a local community. This rule is enforced at the national and rules-in-use level(s).

A rule exists requiring ownership of some other form of limited property related to the appropriation from the resource. This rule is enforced at the national and rules-in-use level(s).

A rule exists requiring registration on an eligibility list. This rule is enforced at the national and rules-in-use level(s).

Entry rights may be transmitted to one or more offspring.

Within one generation of potential resource appropriators, entry rights can be given, leased, rented, sold or transferred to others.

When transfer on a temporary or permanent basis is allowed, the person who makes the transfer determines to whom such rights can be transferred.

Authority and Scope Rules

The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.

The following paragraphs include information on rules of 1 cycle(s).

Authority Rules:

The regional level(s) of government or organization does not exist.

The length of the withdrawing season is 0 week(s)..

There is a rule requiring withdrawal in a fixed order, based on registration and/or ownership of equipment. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.

The authority and scope rules do not assign substantially unequal privileges to some subgroups above others.

Scope Rules:

The regional level(s) of government or organization does not exist.

Authority and scope rules do not assign substantially unequal duties among subgroups.

Information Rules

Payoff Rules

Incarceration is not imposed as penalty on appropriators for breaking rules related to the appropriation of this resource. No fines can be imposed on appropriators for breaking rules related to the appropriation of this resource. Appropriators may not lose their entry or appropriation rights for breaking rules related to the appropriation of the resource. Severe community shunning is not used as a sanction that is consciously imposed on appropriators who break rules related to the appropriation of this resource. Appropriators cannot obtain external aid to develop their appropriation technologies. Appropriators cannot obtain external aid to develop or repair their production, distribution, or appropriation resources. Appropriators cannot obtain external aid to develop technologies for using the resource units. Appropriators are party to price support contracts or guaranteed purchase agreements with a local (private or public) agency(s) for the selling of resource units or commodities produced by resource units.

The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.

Owner(s) (non-operator(s)) of primary appropriation equipment:

100%; 0%; 0%

Owner(s) - operators(s) of primary appropriation equipment:

0%; 0%; 0%

Owner(s) (non-operator(s)) of supplementary appropriation equipment:

0%; 0%; 0%

Owner(s) - operator(s) of supplementary appropriation equipment:

0%; 0%; 0%

Crew with special assets (including non-owner captain):

0%; 0%; 0%

Regular crew (each):

0%; 0%; 0%

Other:

0%; 0%; 0%

Each beachsein is divided into eight shares called kottas or pangu which are transfered through inheitance or sale. Many fishers (and non-fishers) own shares in more than one net. Owners of a share may work their share or may employ wage laborers to work their share. When the person employed is a close relative and likely to inherit the share, the person will be paid almost a full share's worth. Otherwise, the employee is paid at the local wage plus some fish.

Aggregation Rules

The default condition, that no rules specify contraints or requirements on the process to be used in deciding which actions will be taken, and that appropriators can have as much independence in deciding upon actions as they are physically able to exert, is imposed in this case.

Overall Questions About Rules Configuration

The general framework of the rules-in-use has governed the activities of this subgroup for 26 to 50 years.