- Resource System
- Marine ecosystem and food web
- Resource Units
- Cod (lobster, salmon, and seal)
Cat Harbour (now known as Lumsden) was a rural fishing community located on a peninsula stretching into the Atlantic off the northeastern coast of Newfoundland, Canada. The original case study is based on fieldwork conducted from 1964-1965 and catalogs an action situation involving 21 fishing crews that had 72 active fishermen during the summer cod-trapping season and 38 active fishermen exploiting the late summer/fall cod fishing grounds. The community is described as homogenous and egalitarian with a pronounced absence of clearly defined authority positions and a lack of local government. Informal rules act to suppress the accumulation of power by individuals and enforce a view of any outsider as untrustworthy and dangerous. There was evidence that exogenous factors were increasingly undermining traditional forms of resource exploitation and social structure. The case author anticipated that changes by exogenous factors would accelerate due to the Canadian government's proposed relocation of the community. The case author recorded that for the period under study, educated youth leave to pursue teachings, trades, and professions for which the outport had no demand. The resource system is the marine ecosystem and food web from which the following resource units flow and are appropriated: cod and, to a lesser degree, lobster, salmon, and seal. Overall, this case can be deemed successful since no appropriators/actors or subgroups were consistently disadvantaged in this system.
This case study is part of the original Common-Pool Resource (CPR) database. A summary of the original CPR coding conducted in the 1980s by Edella Schlager and Shui Yan Tang at Indiana University may be found under the CPR tab in the Institutional Analysis section below.
The resource appropriated from Cat Harbour Cod Fishery is cod. The resource is Deadman's Bay, and the coastal waters extending west of the bay to the northern tip of Inner Cat Island. The boundary is both physical and institutional. The natural boundaries of the bay surround the east, south, and southwest sides of the resource. Due to technology the fishers do not fish any further offshore than 15 fathoms.
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Cat Harbour Cod Fishery is cod. The resource is Deadman's Bay, and the coastal waters extending west of the bay to the northern tip of Inner Cat Island. The boundary is both physical and institutional. The natural boundaries of the bay surround the east, south, and southwest sides of the resource. Due to technology the fishers do not fish any further offshore than 15 fathoms.
SCREENER:
Case: Cat Harbour Cod Fishery, Canada
The information regarding the following common-pool resource system was taken from empirical evidence from a field setting. Data on the system was extracted from a monograph. Currently, there are no additional documents to cite which may provide further information about this common-pool resource.
These documents describe one resource in detail. The primary resource is the Cat Harbour Cod Fishery, situated in Cat Harbour, Newfoundland of Canada. More generally, it is located in North America. The system's sector is that of fisheries. Relatively good information has been collected about the stakes of participants who appropriate from Cat Harbour Cod Fishery. The condition of this resource is not well understood. Complete information is available regarding the strategies used by key groups interacting with the system. There is thorough documentation of the operational rules for this resource. This is the result of a high level of confidence that the authors who recorded the features of Cat Harbour Cod Fishery have a complete knowledge of its particulars. Furthermore, the authors have provided sufficient data to formulate a structured coding process.
The Cat Harbour Cod Fishery covers an unknown area. There are less than 25 total appropriator teams appropriating from the resource . At the beginning of the period discussed by the authors, there was an apparently balanced supply of biological and physical resources withdrawn compared to the number of units available. Appropriator teams for the resource are always formally organized.
This monograph describes the social and economic life of the inhabitants of the village of Cat Harbour, Newfoundland, with emphasis on the year 1964. Much attention is paid to a description of social structure and resulting social relationships. While fishing is the primary economic activity of the village, little information is given on the cod fishery resource, its boundaries, or its condition. (see also doc 9)
CITATION(S):
Faris, J. C. (1972) CAT HARBOUR: A NEWFOUNDLAND FISHING SETTLEMENT. Institute of Social and Economic Research. St. John's: Memorial University of Newfoundland.*
The resource appropriated from Cat Harbour Cod Fishery is cod. The resource is Deadman's Bay, and the coastal waters extending west of the bay to the northern tip of Inner Cat Island. The boundary is both physical and institutional. The natural boundaries of the bay surround the east, south, and southwest sides of the resource. Due to technology the fishers do not fish any further offshore than 15 fathoms.
SCREENER:
Case: Cat Harbour Cod Fishery, Canada
The information regarding the following common-pool resource system was taken from empirical evidence from a field setting. Data on the system was extracted from a monograph. Currently, there are no additional documents to cite which may provide further information about this common-pool resource.
These documents describe one resource in detail. The primary resource is the Cat Harbour Cod Fishery, situated in Cat Harbour, Newfoundland of Canada. More generally, it is located in North America. The system's sector is that of fisheries. Relatively good information has been collected about the stakes of participants who appropriate from Cat Harbour Cod Fishery. The condition of this resource is not well understood. Complete information is available regarding the strategies used by key groups interacting with the system. There is thorough documentation of the operational rules for this resource. This is the result of a high level of confidence that the authors who recorded the features of Cat Harbour Cod Fishery have a complete knowledge of its particulars. Furthermore, the authors have provided sufficient data to formulate a structured coding process.
The Cat Harbour Cod Fishery covers an unknown area. There are less than 25 total appropriator teams appropriating from the resource . At the beginning of the period discussed by the authors, there was an apparently balanced supply of biological and physical resources withdrawn compared to the number of units available. Appropriator teams for the resource are always formally organized.
This monograph describes the social and economic life of the inhabitants of the village of Cat Harbour, Newfoundland, with emphasis on the year 1964. Much attention is paid to a description of social structure and resulting social relationships. While fishing is the primary economic activity of the village, little information is given on the cod fishery resource, its boundaries, or its condition. (see also doc 9)
CITATION(S):
Faris, J. C. (1972) CAT HARBOUR: A NEWFOUNDLAND FISHING SETTLEMENT. Institute of Social and Economic Research. St. John's: Memorial University of Newfoundland.*
RESOURCE INFO:
The resource appropriated from Cat Harbour Cod Fishery is cod. It is produced biologically and is a renewable moving (fugitive) unit. The resource is Deadman's Bay, and the coastal waters extending west of the bay to the northern tip of Inner Cat Island. The boundary is both physical and institutional. The natural boundaries of the bay surround the east, south, and southwest sides of the resource. Due to technology the fishers do not fish any further offshore than 15 fathoms.
The boundary of this resource has natural/constructed and institutional arrangements which limit entry. The boundaries of this resource are smaller than the location, and exist in one country and are not within any general purpose local jurisdictions. The boundaries of this resource are independent of a development project designed by non-residents.
There are distinct and stable micro-environmental or ecological zones within this resource (highly confident). The quality and/or quantity of units is regularly better in some of the zones than in others (highly confident). The variance in quality between the zones has not created conflict among appropriators.
There are not strategic points within the resource where the main flow of the Cod can be controlled (highly confident). There is considerable, and predictable variation over space in the availability of Cod within the resource (highly confident). There is considerable, and predictable variation in the flow of Cod within a single year (inferred). There is considerable, but unpredictable variation in the flow of Cod from year to year (inferred).
The bottom topography of Cat Harbour Cod Fishery is primarily gravel (educated guess).
The boundaries of the production resource do not coincide with the boundaries of the location. Rather, the location is within the boundaries of the appropriation resource (inferred). The boundaries of the production resource partially overlap the boundaries of the location, but the two boundaries are not equivalent (confident). The boundaries of the distribution resource are not identical to the boundaries of the appropriation resource, but appropriation is within the boundaries of distribution (inferred). The boundaries of the production resource are roughly equivalent to the boundaries of the distribution resource (inferred).
LOCATION:
The appropriation resources are situated on the northeast coast of Newfoundland, in the village of Cat Harbour, Deadman's Bay, and the coastal area west of Deadman's Bay to the northern tip of Inner Cat Island. The boundaries of the location are natural and institutional, including the natural boundary of the bay and the institutional boundary of the village. The appropriation resource present in this location consists of cod (coding), as well as lobster and salmon. Regarding the use of the irrigation system, there were few adverse affects throughout the entire period in the relationships among appropriation processes.
The system is located within one country. Within this country, the system's location is not within any general purpose local jurisdiction. A permanent population lives year round in this location . There is frequent contact and communication between people in this location and officials in a nearby administrative center (inferred). This location is also characterized by an economy that is stable and tied to other economic networks during the entire time period (inferred).
The latitude of this location is not specified, and its longitude is not specified. The elevation of this location is 0 meters. The highest elevation is 0. The lowest elevation of this location is 0. The region's average annual rainfall is 965 milimeters (highly confident). The region's average annual evapotranspiration is . The distribution of rainfall and evapotranspiration per month is as follows:
January precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
February precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
March precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
April precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
May precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
June precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
July precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
August precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
September precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
October precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
November precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
December precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
The resource appropriated from Cat Harbour Cod Fishery is cod. It is produced biologically and is a renewable moving (fugitive) unit. The resource is Deadman's Bay, and the coastal waters extending west of the bay to the northern tip of Inner Cat Island. The boundary is both physical and institutional. The natural boundaries of the bay surround the east, south, and southwest sides of the resource. Due to technology the fishers do not fish any further offshore than 15 fathoms.
The boundary of this resource has natural/constructed and institutional arrangements which limit entry. The boundaries of this resource are smaller than the location, and exist in one country and are not within any general purpose local jurisdictions. The boundaries of this resource are independent of a development project designed by non-residents.
There are distinct and stable micro-environmental or ecological zones within this resource (highly confident). The quality and/or quantity of units is regularly better in some of the zones than in others (highly confident). The variance in quality between the zones has not created conflict among appropriators.
There are not strategic points within the resource where the main flow of the Cod can be controlled (highly confident). There is considerable, and predictable variation over space in the availability of Cod within the resource (highly confident). There is considerable, and predictable variation in the flow of Cod within a single year (inferred). There is considerable, but unpredictable variation in the flow of Cod from year to year (inferred).
The bottom topography of Cat Harbour Cod Fishery is primarily gravel (educated guess).
The boundaries of the production resource do not coincide with the boundaries of the location. Rather, the location is within the boundaries of the appropriation resource (inferred). The boundaries of the production resource partially overlap the boundaries of the location, but the two boundaries are not equivalent (confident). The boundaries of the distribution resource are not identical to the boundaries of the appropriation resource, but appropriation is within the boundaries of distribution (inferred). The boundaries of the production resource are roughly equivalent to the boundaries of the distribution resource (inferred).
LOCATION:
The appropriation resources are situated on the northeast coast of Newfoundland, in the village of Cat Harbour, Deadman's Bay, and the coastal area west of Deadman's Bay to the northern tip of Inner Cat Island. The boundaries of the location are natural and institutional, including the natural boundary of the bay and the institutional boundary of the village. The appropriation resource present in this location consists of cod (coding), as well as lobster and salmon. Regarding the use of the irrigation system, there were few adverse affects throughout the entire period in the relationships among appropriation processes.
The system is located within one country. Within this country, the system's location is not within any general purpose local jurisdiction. A permanent population lives year round in this location . There is frequent contact and communication between people in this location and officials in a nearby administrative center (inferred). This location is also characterized by an economy that is stable and tied to other economic networks during the entire time period (inferred).
The latitude of this location is not specified, and its longitude is not specified. The elevation of this location is 0 meters. The highest elevation is 0. The lowest elevation of this location is 0. The region's average annual rainfall is 965 milimeters (highly confident). The region's average annual evapotranspiration is . The distribution of rainfall and evapotranspiration per month is as follows:
January precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
February precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
March precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
April precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
May precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
June precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
July precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
August precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
September precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
October precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
November precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
December precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Cat Harbour Cod Fishery is cod. The resource is Deadman's Bay, and the coastal waters extending west of the bay to the northern tip of Inner Cat Island. The boundary is both physical and institutional. The natural boundaries of the bay surround the east, south, and southwest sides of the resource. Due to technology the fishers do not fish any further offshore than 15 fathoms.
OPERATIONAL LEVEL:
TYPE OF SITUATION
The processes described in the related documents are primarily related to appropriation alone. The formal owner(s) of the resource discussed in this study is a central government. The set of individuals who have rights to withdraw from this resource is well-defined. As of the beginning of this period, the owners are exercising (or attempting to exercise de jure) and effective in gaining closed access to this resource. Since the beginning of this period, the appropriators are exercising (or attempting to exercise de jure) effective closed access to this resource.
EVENTS MARKING THE BEGINNING ACTION SITUATION
It is estimated that the operational level coded on this form ended in 0. The estimated duration of the patterns that are described in this form is 26 to 50 years. Throughout the duration there was change made primarily by the appropriators in operational, collective, or consititutional rules. There was no change in resource size or structure. There was no new technology introduced to the system over the duration of the patterns coded on this form. There was no substantial external change in the value of the units appropriated. The quantity of units available did not change due to a change in appropriation patterns of other appropriators' withdrawals from the same production or distribution resource. There were no new groups starting to withdraw units from the appropriation resource. There was no recorded change to one or more variables internal to the operational level. The author does not begin the description of this case at this point in history.
CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF PERIOD COVERED BY THIS FORM*
For biological resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was moderately abundant (confident). For biological resources at the end of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was moderately abundant (confident). For physical resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units was moderately abundant (confident). For physical resources at the end of the period the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units, was moderately abundant (confident).
The following includes the available statistics on the use of this resource at the beginning of the time period, followed by the end of the time period:
*In fisheries and other biological systems, this is the maximum sustainable number of units. In irrigation, this refers to the optimal water requirements of the crops in the established fields served by this system.
At the beginning of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets, and also consumed by appropriators and families.
At the end of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets, and also consumed by appropriators and families.
As of the beginning of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). As of the end of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). At the beginning of the period of the study, there was no information provided regarding whether or not there are problems of pollution in this or other resources, due to the way units are being appropriated. At the end of the period of the study, there was no information provided in the case study regarding whether or not there are problems of pollution in this or other resources due to the way units are appropriated. As of the beginning of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was relatively high (confident). As of the end of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was quite low (inferred). At the beginning of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location was not recorded in the case information. At the end of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location had no effect on the appropriation resources (educated guess). At the beginning of this period the appropriators shared levels of trust that are not indicated in the case study. At the end of the period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (inferred). ## Unknown markup: Start ##By the end of this period no change had occurred in the property rights regime related to the appropriation resource (inferred). At the end of this period the owners were exercising, or attempting to exercise, de jure and effective closed access to this resource (highly confident). At the end of the period the appropriators were exercising, or attempting to exercise, de jure and effective closed access to this resource (highly confident).
INFORMATION LEVELS
There is no information in the study to indicate the availability of maps or charts of the appropration resource for use by the appropriators. Maps and/or charts of the production and distribution resources are not documented as being available, or unavailable in this case study. The appropriators of this resource can be seen by each other while withdrawing and delivering units (confident). No appropriators are in radio communication with each other while appropriating from the resource (educated guess). There was no information provided to indicate whether or not there are actions being taken, by appropriators or officials, to generate information about the condition of the resource. There are always records of the withdrawals from this resource kept in a systematic way (inferred). There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the physical factors which directly affected the resource kept in a systematic way. Records are kept in a language accessible to most of the appropriators (inferred). The keepers of these records are officials at some level (inferred). These records are available for inspection by appropriators (inferred). There are arenas being used for the exchange of information about conditions of the resource (inferred). Appropriators get together to discuss mutual problems of the resource daily (inferred). The appropriators have an intimate knowledge of the characteristics of this resource (inferred).
POTENTIAL ACTIONS AND LEVELS OF CONTROL
The quality or quantity of the units available to the appropriators are not documented as having experienced any effect of past appropriators. There are not problems of pollution resulting from activities of others who are not appropriators of this resource or inhabitants of this location (e.g. acid rain, sewage disposal) (educated guess). Most appropriators sell this resource in multiple markets (educated guess). There appears to be an insurance mechanism available to the appropriators related to variability of income from the resource (highly confident).
PATTERNS OF INTERACTION
Differences between subgroups relating to gender identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to ethnic identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to clan identification does not affect communication (inferred). Differences between subgroups relating to racial identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to religious identification does not affect communication (inferred). Differences between subgroups relating to languages spoken does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to general cultural views of the resource system and its use does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to any problems that affect communication does not exist (highly confident).
The general manner in which appropriators related to one another during this study is a relatively positive, reciprocal manner -- the presumption was made that long-term relationships are involved and positive actions are undertaken without a specific expectation of return (inferred). The documents present evidence that the appropriators have a general cultural pattern that stressed various types of cooperative activities besides the management of this resource (inferred). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is very unlikely that he/she would encounter physical sanctions by other appropriators (who are not filling posititions as official monitors) (educated guess). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is likely that an official monitor or guard would move to impose sanctions (educated guess).
POSITIONS AND PARTICIPANTS
At the end of the period studied the position of non-appropriator (individuals prevented from using the resource) did not exist (highly confident). At the beginning of the period there was a general estimate of some undocumented number appropriators. There was a general estimate of 51-100 appropriators at the end of the period (highly confident). A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was not included in the case study, at the beginning of the period. A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was 25-50, at the end of the period (highly confident). The "official" position of monitor (apart from the willingness of all appropriators to monitor) does exist, and monitors are employees of an external governmental authority (highly confident). This position monitors rules devised by local collective choice processes (column 3 of the rules form) and rules-in-use.
The appropriators monitor the appropriation activities of each other apart from the monitoring of any "official" guards (highly confident). The general estimate for the number of official monitors on duty at one time during peak hours was not included in this case study. Official monitors are paid in money. The study did not indicate how many of the monitors were full-time.
NUMBER AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROUPS
There will be 2 subgroup form(s) completed in relation to this operational level form. The ID number(s) of the subgroup(s) coded are as follows: 39.1 - 40.1 - 0 - 0
Subgroups 39.1 and 40.1 differ in legal rights to appropriate units.
Subgroups 39.1 and 40.1 do not differ in withdrawal rates from the resource, in exposure to variations in supply, in levels of dependency on the units withdrawn from this resource, and in the way they use the appropriation units.
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
There are no appropriators who were consistently disadvantaged in this period (inferred). The relatively worst off appropriators have not been cut out of their benefits from this resource or substantially harmed (inferred).
AUTHOR'S EVALUATION AND CAUSAL ASSUMPTIONS
In this coding form the author does not focus on the readers' concept of results and the evaluation of results (inferred).
The author discusses withdrawals per unit of effort based on No.
SUBGROUP:
Participants:
This subgroup consists of the men who live in Cat Harbour and participate in the FALL cod fishery. The criteria for who is a member is well defined (highly confident). . This group ended with a membership of 38 (highly confident). An estimated 91%-100% of this group is literate in a language that records or publications about this resource and/or location (or other similar resources) is kept (educated guess).
The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:
Gender identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Ethnic or cultural identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are ethnically identified as WASP. The difference in composition with regard to clan identification does not affect communication (highly confident). Racial identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are racially identified as Caucasian. Religious identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are religiously identified as Protestant. There is no difference in composition with regard to languages spoken (highly confident). The language spoken by most members of the subgroup is English.
The appropriation process is organized as a team process consisting of 14 groups.
Legal Rights:
Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (highly confident). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (highly confident). Rights to participate in management of this resource is held de jure (highly confident). Exclusion from use of the entire resource is exercised de jure (highly confident). Members of this subgroup have de jure rights to decide who can be excluded from particular zones within the resource. (highly confident). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (educated guess). Transferring shares of major appropriation equipment which are necessary to engage in appropriation is not exercised either je jure nor de facto## Unknown column: EQUIPSHAR ##.
Stakes and Resources:
The length of time this subgroup has regularly appropriated from this resource is 76 through 100 years (educated guess). Around 91%-100% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource (highly confident). Given the assets of members, the capital required to set up an appropriation team does not place pressure upon the appropriators to get immediate returns from appropriation (educated guess). Most people in this subgroup are very dependent (i.e. most of the family income) on this resource (inferred). Around 91%-100% of this subgroup work a substantial amount of time in activities not associated with appropriation from this resource (confident). The proportion of this subgroup that currently appropriates similar units from other resources is less than 10% (inferred). Over time the variance of the average annual family income across families is moderate (inferred). Capital is owned by 91%-100% of this subgroup (confident). Alternatives for the supply unit are available at a moderate cost (educated guess).
Potential Actions and Levels of Control:
Considering that there are multiple subgroups using this resource, most of the appropriators withdraw units after one or more other subgroups have withdrawn (educated guess). Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules moderately constrain (inferred), time limit rules cause unknown contraints, quantity rules cause unknown contraints, marginal units, or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation, cause unknown contraints.
Technology:
The appropriative power of the technology used does not threaten the balance between units withdrawn and units available even if no new users are added (inferred).
Strategies Adopted:
At the end of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant (inferred). During this time period members have not invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (educated guess). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has not been made by members (inferred). Resources have not been expended (including time) to avoid actions that would harm the structure of the appropriation resource (inferred). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (educated guess). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that almost all of the members follow the rules set in place (inferred).
Subgroup Results:
This subgroup appropriates 10%-25% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (educated guess).
SUBGROUP:
Participants:
This subgroup consists of the men who live in Cat Harbour and participate in the SUMMER cod trap fishing. The criteria for who is a member is well defined (highly confident). . This group ended with a membership of 72 (highly confident). An estimated 91%-100% of this group is literate in a language that records or publications about this resource and/or location (or other similar resources) is kept (educated guess).
The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:
Gender identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Ethnic or cultural identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are ethnically identified as WASP. The difference in composition with regard to clan identification does not affect communication (highly confident). Racial identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are racially identified as Caucasian. Religious identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are religiously identified as Protestant. There is no difference in composition with regard to languages spoken (highly confident). The language spoken by most members of the subgroup is English.
The appropriation process is organized as a team process consisting of 21 groups.
Legal Rights:
Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (highly confident). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (highly confident). Rights to participate in management of this resource is held de jure (highly confident). Exclusion from use of the entire resource is exercised de jure (highly confident). Members of this subgroup have de jure rights to decide who can be excluded from particular zones within the resource. (highly confident). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (educated guess). The separable rights to exercise transfer to shares of this appropriation resource, or closely related production and/or distribution resources are neither held de jure nor de facto (educated guess). Transferring shares of major appropriation equipment which are necessary to engage in appropriation is not exercised either je jure nor de facto## Unknown column: EQUIPSHAR ##.
Stakes and Resources:
The length of time this subgroup has regularly appropriated from this resource is 76 through 100 years (educated guess). Around 91%-100% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource (highly confident). Given the assets of members, the capital required to set up an appropriation team does not place pressure upon the appropriators to get immediate returns from appropriation (educated guess). Most people in this subgroup are very dependent (i.e. most of the family income) on this resource (inferred). Around 91%-100% of this subgroup work a substantial amount of time in activities not associated with appropriation from this resource (confident). The proportion of this subgroup that currently appropriates similar units from other resources is less than 10% (inferred). Over time the variance of the average annual family income across families is moderate (inferred). Capital is owned by 91%-100% of this subgroup (confident). Alternatives for the supply unit are available at a moderate cost (educated guess).
Potential Actions and Levels of Control:
Considering that there are multiple subgroups using this resource, most of the appropriators withdraw units where the flow of units first enters into the resource (i.e. headenders) (inferred). A noticeable impact on the balance of the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available in this resource would occur in a drastic reduction of this subgroup's appropriation activities (inferred). Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules heavily constrain (inferred), time limit rules cause unknown contraints, quantity rules cause unknown contraints, marginal units, or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation, cause unknown contraints.
Technology:
The appropriative power of the technology used does not threaten the balance between units withdrawn and units available even if no new users are added (inferred).
Strategies Adopted:
At the end of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant (inferred). During this time period members have not invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (educated guess). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has not been made by members (inferred). Resources have not been expended (including time) to avoid actions that would harm the structure of the appropriation resource (educated guess). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (educated guess). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that almost all of the members follow the rules set in place (inferred).
Subgroup Results:
This subgroup appropriates 76%-90% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (confident).
The resource appropriated from Cat Harbour Cod Fishery is cod. The resource is Deadman's Bay, and the coastal waters extending west of the bay to the northern tip of Inner Cat Island. The boundary is both physical and institutional. The natural boundaries of the bay surround the east, south, and southwest sides of the resource. Due to technology the fishers do not fish any further offshore than 15 fathoms.
OPERATIONAL LEVEL:
TYPE OF SITUATION
The processes described in the related documents are primarily related to appropriation alone. The formal owner(s) of the resource discussed in this study is a central government. The set of individuals who have rights to withdraw from this resource is well-defined. As of the beginning of this period, the owners are exercising (or attempting to exercise de jure) and effective in gaining closed access to this resource. Since the beginning of this period, the appropriators are exercising (or attempting to exercise de jure) effective closed access to this resource.
EVENTS MARKING THE BEGINNING ACTION SITUATION
It is estimated that the operational level coded on this form ended in 0. The estimated duration of the patterns that are described in this form is 26 to 50 years. Throughout the duration there was change made primarily by the appropriators in operational, collective, or consititutional rules. There was no change in resource size or structure. There was no new technology introduced to the system over the duration of the patterns coded on this form. There was no substantial external change in the value of the units appropriated. The quantity of units available did not change due to a change in appropriation patterns of other appropriators' withdrawals from the same production or distribution resource. There were no new groups starting to withdraw units from the appropriation resource. There was no recorded change to one or more variables internal to the operational level. The author does not begin the description of this case at this point in history.
CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF PERIOD COVERED BY THIS FORM*
For biological resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was moderately abundant (confident). For biological resources at the end of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was moderately abundant (confident). For physical resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units was moderately abundant (confident). For physical resources at the end of the period the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units, was moderately abundant (confident).
The following includes the available statistics on the use of this resource at the beginning of the time period, followed by the end of the time period:
*In fisheries and other biological systems, this is the maximum sustainable number of units. In irrigation, this refers to the optimal water requirements of the crops in the established fields served by this system.
At the beginning of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets, and also consumed by appropriators and families.
At the end of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets, and also consumed by appropriators and families.
As of the beginning of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). As of the end of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). At the beginning of the period of the study, there was no information provided regarding whether or not there are problems of pollution in this or other resources, due to the way units are being appropriated. At the end of the period of the study, there was no information provided in the case study regarding whether or not there are problems of pollution in this or other resources due to the way units are appropriated. As of the beginning of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was relatively high (confident). As of the end of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was quite low (inferred). At the beginning of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location was not recorded in the case information. At the end of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location had no effect on the appropriation resources (educated guess). At the beginning of this period the appropriators shared levels of trust that are not indicated in the case study. At the end of the period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (inferred). ## Unknown markup: Start ##By the end of this period no change had occurred in the property rights regime related to the appropriation resource (inferred). At the end of this period the owners were exercising, or attempting to exercise, de jure and effective closed access to this resource (highly confident). At the end of the period the appropriators were exercising, or attempting to exercise, de jure and effective closed access to this resource (highly confident).
INFORMATION LEVELS
There is no information in the study to indicate the availability of maps or charts of the appropration resource for use by the appropriators. Maps and/or charts of the production and distribution resources are not documented as being available, or unavailable in this case study. The appropriators of this resource can be seen by each other while withdrawing and delivering units (confident). No appropriators are in radio communication with each other while appropriating from the resource (educated guess). There was no information provided to indicate whether or not there are actions being taken, by appropriators or officials, to generate information about the condition of the resource. There are always records of the withdrawals from this resource kept in a systematic way (inferred). There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the physical factors which directly affected the resource kept in a systematic way. Records are kept in a language accessible to most of the appropriators (inferred). The keepers of these records are officials at some level (inferred). These records are available for inspection by appropriators (inferred). There are arenas being used for the exchange of information about conditions of the resource (inferred). Appropriators get together to discuss mutual problems of the resource daily (inferred). The appropriators have an intimate knowledge of the characteristics of this resource (inferred).
POTENTIAL ACTIONS AND LEVELS OF CONTROL
The quality or quantity of the units available to the appropriators are not documented as having experienced any effect of past appropriators. There are not problems of pollution resulting from activities of others who are not appropriators of this resource or inhabitants of this location (e.g. acid rain, sewage disposal) (educated guess). Most appropriators sell this resource in multiple markets (educated guess). There appears to be an insurance mechanism available to the appropriators related to variability of income from the resource (highly confident).
PATTERNS OF INTERACTION
Differences between subgroups relating to gender identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to ethnic identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to clan identification does not affect communication (inferred). Differences between subgroups relating to racial identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to religious identification does not affect communication (inferred). Differences between subgroups relating to languages spoken does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to general cultural views of the resource system and its use does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to any problems that affect communication does not exist (highly confident).
The general manner in which appropriators related to one another during this study is a relatively positive, reciprocal manner -- the presumption was made that long-term relationships are involved and positive actions are undertaken without a specific expectation of return (inferred). The documents present evidence that the appropriators have a general cultural pattern that stressed various types of cooperative activities besides the management of this resource (inferred). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is very unlikely that he/she would encounter physical sanctions by other appropriators (who are not filling posititions as official monitors) (educated guess). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is likely that an official monitor or guard would move to impose sanctions (educated guess).
POSITIONS AND PARTICIPANTS
At the end of the period studied the position of non-appropriator (individuals prevented from using the resource) did not exist (highly confident). At the beginning of the period there was a general estimate of some undocumented number appropriators. There was a general estimate of 51-100 appropriators at the end of the period (highly confident). A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was not included in the case study, at the beginning of the period. A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was 25-50, at the end of the period (highly confident). The "official" position of monitor (apart from the willingness of all appropriators to monitor) does exist, and monitors are employees of an external governmental authority (highly confident). This position monitors rules devised by local collective choice processes (column 3 of the rules form) and rules-in-use.
The appropriators monitor the appropriation activities of each other apart from the monitoring of any "official" guards (highly confident). The general estimate for the number of official monitors on duty at one time during peak hours was not included in this case study. Official monitors are paid in money. The study did not indicate how many of the monitors were full-time.
NUMBER AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROUPS
There will be 2 subgroup form(s) completed in relation to this operational level form. The ID number(s) of the subgroup(s) coded are as follows: 39.1 - 40.1 - 0 - 0
Subgroups 39.1 and 40.1 differ in legal rights to appropriate units.
Subgroups 39.1 and 40.1 do not differ in withdrawal rates from the resource, in exposure to variations in supply, in levels of dependency on the units withdrawn from this resource, and in the way they use the appropriation units.
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
There are no appropriators who were consistently disadvantaged in this period (inferred). The relatively worst off appropriators have not been cut out of their benefits from this resource or substantially harmed (inferred).
AUTHOR'S EVALUATION AND CAUSAL ASSUMPTIONS
In this coding form the author does not focus on the readers' concept of results and the evaluation of results (inferred).
The author discusses withdrawals per unit of effort based on No.
SUBGROUP:
Participants:
This subgroup consists of the men who live in Cat Harbour and participate in the FALL cod fishery. The criteria for who is a member is well defined (highly confident). . This group ended with a membership of 38 (highly confident). An estimated 91%-100% of this group is literate in a language that records or publications about this resource and/or location (or other similar resources) is kept (educated guess).
The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:
Gender identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Ethnic or cultural identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are ethnically identified as WASP. The difference in composition with regard to clan identification does not affect communication (highly confident). Racial identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are racially identified as Caucasian. Religious identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are religiously identified as Protestant. There is no difference in composition with regard to languages spoken (highly confident). The language spoken by most members of the subgroup is English.
The appropriation process is organized as a team process consisting of 14 groups.
Legal Rights:
Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (highly confident). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (highly confident). Rights to participate in management of this resource is held de jure (highly confident). Exclusion from use of the entire resource is exercised de jure (highly confident). Members of this subgroup have de jure rights to decide who can be excluded from particular zones within the resource. (highly confident). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (educated guess). Transferring shares of major appropriation equipment which are necessary to engage in appropriation is not exercised either je jure nor de facto## Unknown column: EQUIPSHAR ##.
Stakes and Resources:
The length of time this subgroup has regularly appropriated from this resource is 76 through 100 years (educated guess). Around 91%-100% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource (highly confident). Given the assets of members, the capital required to set up an appropriation team does not place pressure upon the appropriators to get immediate returns from appropriation (educated guess). Most people in this subgroup are very dependent (i.e. most of the family income) on this resource (inferred). Around 91%-100% of this subgroup work a substantial amount of time in activities not associated with appropriation from this resource (confident). The proportion of this subgroup that currently appropriates similar units from other resources is less than 10% (inferred). Over time the variance of the average annual family income across families is moderate (inferred). Capital is owned by 91%-100% of this subgroup (confident). Alternatives for the supply unit are available at a moderate cost (educated guess).
Potential Actions and Levels of Control:
Considering that there are multiple subgroups using this resource, most of the appropriators withdraw units after one or more other subgroups have withdrawn (educated guess). Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules moderately constrain (inferred), time limit rules cause unknown contraints, quantity rules cause unknown contraints, marginal units, or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation, cause unknown contraints.
Technology:
The appropriative power of the technology used does not threaten the balance between units withdrawn and units available even if no new users are added (inferred).
Strategies Adopted:
At the end of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant (inferred). During this time period members have not invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (educated guess). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has not been made by members (inferred). Resources have not been expended (including time) to avoid actions that would harm the structure of the appropriation resource (inferred). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (educated guess). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that almost all of the members follow the rules set in place (inferred).
Subgroup Results:
This subgroup appropriates 10%-25% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (educated guess).
SUBGROUP:
Participants:
This subgroup consists of the men who live in Cat Harbour and participate in the SUMMER cod trap fishing. The criteria for who is a member is well defined (highly confident). . This group ended with a membership of 72 (highly confident). An estimated 91%-100% of this group is literate in a language that records or publications about this resource and/or location (or other similar resources) is kept (educated guess).
The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:
Gender identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Ethnic or cultural identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are ethnically identified as WASP. The difference in composition with regard to clan identification does not affect communication (highly confident). Racial identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are racially identified as Caucasian. Religious identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are religiously identified as Protestant. There is no difference in composition with regard to languages spoken (highly confident). The language spoken by most members of the subgroup is English.
The appropriation process is organized as a team process consisting of 21 groups.
Legal Rights:
Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (highly confident). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (highly confident). Rights to participate in management of this resource is held de jure (highly confident). Exclusion from use of the entire resource is exercised de jure (highly confident). Members of this subgroup have de jure rights to decide who can be excluded from particular zones within the resource. (highly confident). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (educated guess). The separable rights to exercise transfer to shares of this appropriation resource, or closely related production and/or distribution resources are neither held de jure nor de facto (educated guess). Transferring shares of major appropriation equipment which are necessary to engage in appropriation is not exercised either je jure nor de facto## Unknown column: EQUIPSHAR ##.
Stakes and Resources:
The length of time this subgroup has regularly appropriated from this resource is 76 through 100 years (educated guess). Around 91%-100% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource (highly confident). Given the assets of members, the capital required to set up an appropriation team does not place pressure upon the appropriators to get immediate returns from appropriation (educated guess). Most people in this subgroup are very dependent (i.e. most of the family income) on this resource (inferred). Around 91%-100% of this subgroup work a substantial amount of time in activities not associated with appropriation from this resource (confident). The proportion of this subgroup that currently appropriates similar units from other resources is less than 10% (inferred). Over time the variance of the average annual family income across families is moderate (inferred). Capital is owned by 91%-100% of this subgroup (confident). Alternatives for the supply unit are available at a moderate cost (educated guess).
Potential Actions and Levels of Control:
Considering that there are multiple subgroups using this resource, most of the appropriators withdraw units where the flow of units first enters into the resource (i.e. headenders) (inferred). A noticeable impact on the balance of the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available in this resource would occur in a drastic reduction of this subgroup's appropriation activities (inferred). Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules heavily constrain (inferred), time limit rules cause unknown contraints, quantity rules cause unknown contraints, marginal units, or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation, cause unknown contraints.
Technology:
The appropriative power of the technology used does not threaten the balance between units withdrawn and units available even if no new users are added (inferred).
Strategies Adopted:
At the end of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant (inferred). During this time period members have not invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (educated guess). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has not been made by members (inferred). Resources have not been expended (including time) to avoid actions that would harm the structure of the appropriation resource (educated guess). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (educated guess). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that almost all of the members follow the rules set in place (inferred).
Subgroup Results:
This subgroup appropriates 76%-90% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (confident).
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Cat Harbour Cod Fishery is cod. The resource is Deadman's Bay, and the coastal waters extending west of the bay to the northern tip of Inner Cat Island. The boundary is both physical and institutional. The natural boundaries of the bay surround the east, south, and southwest sides of the resource. Due to technology the fishers do not fish any further offshore than 15 fathoms.
OPERATIONAL RULES:
Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanism. Concerning regional collective choice, the author provides a few detailed references to operational level rules as devised by regional collective choice mechanism which have been coded below..
With regard to local collective choice, a level of government or organization of appropriators exists at the location but the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by collective choice mechanisms.
Boundary Rules
The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a country. This rule is enforced at the regional and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a major subdivision of a country. This rule is enforced at the regional and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring citizenship or residence of a local community. This rule is enforced at the regional and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists permitting ownership or leasing of land in the location of the resource. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists permitting ownership of some other form of limited property related to the appropriation from the resource. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to be of a certain gender. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists permitting continued usage of resource entry rights. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring use of a particular technology. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
Entry rights may be transmitted to one or more offspring.
Within one generation of potential resource appropriators, entry rights can be transferred to members of a family but not outside the family.
When transfer on a temporary or permanent basis is allowed, the person who makes the transfer determines to whom such rights can be transferred.
The boundary rules do not assign substantially unequal privileges to some subgroups over others.
Authority and Scope Rules
The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.
The following paragraphs include information on rules of 1 cycle(s).
Authority Rules:
The length of the withdrawing season is 0 week(s)..
There is a rule requiring withdrawal at specific locations or spots, according to the "first in time - first in right" principle. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
There is a rule forbidding withdrawal whenever and wherever desired, according to the "first in time - first in right" principle. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
The authority and scope rules do not assign substantially unequal privileges to some subgroups above others.
Scope Rules:
Authority and scope rules do not assign substantially unequal duties among subgroups.
Information Rules
There exists a rule requiring recording of the number of units withdrawn. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
This information was recorded by a private enterprise.
Payoff Rules
The default condition, that all appropriators can retain whatever they can physically keep hold of and no external rewards, taxes, or sanctions are imposed is not imposed in this case. The authors have the following confidence level for the results of this section: inferred. Appropriators are party to price support contracts or guaranteed purchase agreements with a local (private or public) agency(s) for the selling of resource units or commodities produced by resource units. The payoff rules do not assign substantially unequal rewards to some subgroups than others. The payoff rules do not assign substantially unequal punishments to some subgroups than others.
There is a single arrangement by which the appropriation process is organized by teams.The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.
Owner(s) - operators(s) of primary appropriation equipment:
100%
Aggregation Rules
Overall Questions About Rules Configuration
The general framework of the rules-in-use has governed the activities of this subgroup for 26 to 50 years.
OPERATIONAL RULES:
Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanism. Concerning regional collective choice, the author provides a few detailed references to operational level rules as devised by regional collective choice mechanism which have been coded below..
With regard to local collective choice, a level of government or organization of appropriators exists at the location and the author provides a few detailed references about operational level rules as devised by collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below.
Boundary Rules
The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a country. This rule is enforced at the regional, local, and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a major subdivision of a country. This rule is enforced at the regional, local, and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring citizenship or residence of a local community. This rule is enforced at the regional, local, and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists permitting ownership or leasing of land in the location of the resource. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists permitting ownership of some other form of limited property related to the appropriation from the resource. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to be of a certain gender. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists permitting continued usage of resource entry rights. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring use of a particular technology. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring the obtaining of access right through a lottery. This rule is enforced at the regional, local, and rules-in-use level(s).
Entry rights may be transmitted to one or more offspring.
Within one generation of potential resource appropriators, entry rights can be transferred to members of a family but not outside the family.
When transfer on a temporary or permanent basis is allowed, the person who makes the transfer determines to whom such rights can be transferred.
The boundary rules do not assign substantially unequal privileges to some subgroups over others.
Authority and Scope Rules
The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.
The following paragraphs include information on rules of 1 cycle(s).
Authority Rules:
The length of the withdrawing season is 0 week(s)..
There is a rule requiring withdrawal at specific locations or spots, based on periodic lottery. This rule is enforced at the regional, local, and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
There is a rule forbidding withdrawal whenever and wherever desired, based on periodic lottery. This rule is enforced at the regional, local, and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
The authority and scope rules do not assign substantially unequal privileges to some subgroups above others.
Scope Rules:
Authority and scope rules do not assign substantially unequal duties among subgroups.
Information Rules
There exists a rule requiring recording of the number of units withdrawn. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
This information was recorded by a private enterprise.
Payoff Rules
The default condition, that all appropriators can retain whatever they can physically keep hold of and no external rewards, taxes, or sanctions are imposed is not imposed in this case. The authors have the following confidence level for the results of this section: inferred. Appropriators are party to price support contracts or guaranteed purchase agreements with a local (private or public) agency(s) for the selling of resource units or commodities produced by resource units. The payoff rules do not assign substantially unequal rewards to some subgroups than others. The payoff rules do not assign substantially unequal punishments to some subgroups than others.
There is a single arrangement by which the appropriation process is organized by teams.The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.
Owner(s) - operators(s) of primary appropriation equipment:
100%
For an explanation of how the primary or supplemental appropriation equipment is divided into shares, see page 107, paragraph 2.
Aggregation Rules
Overall Questions About Rules Configuration
The general framework of the rules-in-use has governed the activities of this subgroup for 26 to 50 years.
The resource appropriated from Cat Harbour Cod Fishery is cod. The resource is Deadman's Bay, and the coastal waters extending west of the bay to the northern tip of Inner Cat Island. The boundary is both physical and institutional. The natural boundaries of the bay surround the east, south, and southwest sides of the resource. Due to technology the fishers do not fish any further offshore than 15 fathoms.
OPERATIONAL RULES:
Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanism. Concerning regional collective choice, the author provides a few detailed references to operational level rules as devised by regional collective choice mechanism which have been coded below..
With regard to local collective choice, a level of government or organization of appropriators exists at the location but the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by collective choice mechanisms.
Boundary Rules
The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a country. This rule is enforced at the regional and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a major subdivision of a country. This rule is enforced at the regional and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring citizenship or residence of a local community. This rule is enforced at the regional and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists permitting ownership or leasing of land in the location of the resource. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists permitting ownership of some other form of limited property related to the appropriation from the resource. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to be of a certain gender. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists permitting continued usage of resource entry rights. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring use of a particular technology. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
Entry rights may be transmitted to one or more offspring.
Within one generation of potential resource appropriators, entry rights can be transferred to members of a family but not outside the family.
When transfer on a temporary or permanent basis is allowed, the person who makes the transfer determines to whom such rights can be transferred.
The boundary rules do not assign substantially unequal privileges to some subgroups over others.
Authority and Scope Rules
The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.
The following paragraphs include information on rules of 1 cycle(s).
Authority Rules:
The length of the withdrawing season is 0 week(s)..
There is a rule requiring withdrawal at specific locations or spots, according to the "first in time - first in right" principle. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
There is a rule forbidding withdrawal whenever and wherever desired, according to the "first in time - first in right" principle. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
The authority and scope rules do not assign substantially unequal privileges to some subgroups above others.
Scope Rules:
Authority and scope rules do not assign substantially unequal duties among subgroups.
Information Rules
There exists a rule requiring recording of the number of units withdrawn. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
This information was recorded by a private enterprise.
Payoff Rules
The default condition, that all appropriators can retain whatever they can physically keep hold of and no external rewards, taxes, or sanctions are imposed is not imposed in this case. The authors have the following confidence level for the results of this section: inferred. Appropriators are party to price support contracts or guaranteed purchase agreements with a local (private or public) agency(s) for the selling of resource units or commodities produced by resource units. The payoff rules do not assign substantially unequal rewards to some subgroups than others. The payoff rules do not assign substantially unequal punishments to some subgroups than others.
There is a single arrangement by which the appropriation process is organized by teams.The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.
Owner(s) - operators(s) of primary appropriation equipment:
100%
Aggregation Rules
Overall Questions About Rules Configuration
The general framework of the rules-in-use has governed the activities of this subgroup for 26 to 50 years.
OPERATIONAL RULES:
Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanism. Concerning regional collective choice, the author provides a few detailed references to operational level rules as devised by regional collective choice mechanism which have been coded below..
With regard to local collective choice, a level of government or organization of appropriators exists at the location and the author provides a few detailed references about operational level rules as devised by collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below.
Boundary Rules
The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a country. This rule is enforced at the regional, local, and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a major subdivision of a country. This rule is enforced at the regional, local, and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring citizenship or residence of a local community. This rule is enforced at the regional, local, and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists permitting ownership or leasing of land in the location of the resource. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists permitting ownership of some other form of limited property related to the appropriation from the resource. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to be of a certain gender. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists permitting continued usage of resource entry rights. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring use of a particular technology. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring the obtaining of access right through a lottery. This rule is enforced at the regional, local, and rules-in-use level(s).
Entry rights may be transmitted to one or more offspring.
Within one generation of potential resource appropriators, entry rights can be transferred to members of a family but not outside the family.
When transfer on a temporary or permanent basis is allowed, the person who makes the transfer determines to whom such rights can be transferred.
The boundary rules do not assign substantially unequal privileges to some subgroups over others.
Authority and Scope Rules
The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.
The following paragraphs include information on rules of 1 cycle(s).
Authority Rules:
The length of the withdrawing season is 0 week(s)..
There is a rule requiring withdrawal at specific locations or spots, based on periodic lottery. This rule is enforced at the regional, local, and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
There is a rule forbidding withdrawal whenever and wherever desired, based on periodic lottery. This rule is enforced at the regional, local, and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
The authority and scope rules do not assign substantially unequal privileges to some subgroups above others.
Scope Rules:
Authority and scope rules do not assign substantially unequal duties among subgroups.
Information Rules
There exists a rule requiring recording of the number of units withdrawn. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
This information was recorded by a private enterprise.
Payoff Rules
The default condition, that all appropriators can retain whatever they can physically keep hold of and no external rewards, taxes, or sanctions are imposed is not imposed in this case. The authors have the following confidence level for the results of this section: inferred. Appropriators are party to price support contracts or guaranteed purchase agreements with a local (private or public) agency(s) for the selling of resource units or commodities produced by resource units. The payoff rules do not assign substantially unequal rewards to some subgroups than others. The payoff rules do not assign substantially unequal punishments to some subgroups than others.
There is a single arrangement by which the appropriation process is organized by teams.The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.
Owner(s) - operators(s) of primary appropriation equipment:
100%
For an explanation of how the primary or supplemental appropriation equipment is divided into shares, see page 107, paragraph 2.
Aggregation Rules
Overall Questions About Rules Configuration
The general framework of the rules-in-use has governed the activities of this subgroup for 26 to 50 years.
Cat Harbour cod fishery (1964-1965)
Resource System
Resource system (natural infrastructure):
- Marine ecosystem and food web
Resource units:
- Cod (main target resource)
- Salmon, lobster, seal
Resource Users
There are three main subgroups that are important in this case:
- Fishermen (72 engaged in summer cod-trapping; and 38 engaged in fall cod fishing grounds) organized into effective crowds (occupants of a single or group of "gardens," i.e. family compounds separated by a fence, with the same surname fishing together)
- Hired sharemen (from outside the community)
- Shore crowd (fish processing crew, mainly wives and female relatives of fishermen)
Public Infrastructure Providers
National/provincial level
- Federal fisheries officers (licensing for salmon and lobster fishery; handling of fishing violations)
- Regional welfare officer (winter unemployment benefits)
- RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police)
Community/local level
- The Cat Harbour cod fishery is characterized by an absence of authority positions and lack of local government.
Public Infrastructure
Hard public infrastructure
- Community wharf
- Slipwater and breakway
- Public road connecting Cat Harbour with other communities in Newfoundland
Soft public infrastructure
- Fishery drawing system for the assignment of summer cod trapping berths
- Norms that value rigid and highly formalized behavior and sanction emotional and aggressive acts, including economic aggression (e.g., overharvesting of resources).
Relationship 1
RU => R:
- Resource users extract cod for commercial sale to international markets
- Traditional knowledge of marine ecosystem functioning and resource behavior modifies fishermen's fishing activity.
R => RU (potential disservices/negative feedback):
- Marine ecosystem dynamics provide/modify the availability of target resources in the fishery
Relationship 2
RU=>PIP:
National/provincial level
- Fishermen participate in salmon and lobster fishery by applying for licenses with the federal fisheries office
- Annual winter unemployment benefits influence ability of fishers to continue to be able to economically survive.
- Community distrust of outsiders/strangers shapes expectations of government officials as corrupt and dangerous
Community/local level
- Not applicable.
PIP=>RU:
National/provincial level
- Government financial incentives for relocation to Lumsden is influencing community emigration from Cat Harbour
- Department of Fisheries sanctions reported fishing violations
Community/local level
- Not applicable.
Relationship 3
PIP => PI (hard)
- Wharf, slipway, breakwater and road connecting Cat Harbour to Newfound built and maintained by Canadian government
PIP => PI (soft)
- Department of Fisheries established a system of fishing licenses for the salmon and lobster fishery.
PI (soft) => PIP
- Fishery drawing system for cod trap berths formally established into statutory law by the Canadian Department of Fisheries
PI (hard) => PIP
- No known interaction/influence
Relationship 4
PI (hard) => R:
- No known interaction/influence.
PI (soft)=>R:
- No known interaction/influence.
R=> PI (soft):
- The biophysical context of the peninsula has enabled Cat Harbour fishermen to limit access by outsiders to the cod trap fishery.
R => PI (hard):
- No known interaction/influence.
Relationship 5
Link 1=>PI (soft):
- The tenuous social-ecological conditions of Cat Harbour promoted rigid and highly formalized behavior among community members to deal with these "outside" threats.
PI (soft)=>Link 1:
- Strict social norms, in particular the repugnance against overt aggression, including economically aggressive behavior (e.g., overfishing and free-riding) along with graduated social sanctions restrict overappropriation behavior by fishers.
- Strict social norms, such as the suppression of aggression also promotes unwillingness among fishermen to assume leadership and authority positions restricting collective action in the face of changing social and ecological conditions.
PI (hard) => Link 1:
- Lack of public facilities (e.g. freezing plants, storage chambers, and market outlets) restrict fishermen from exploiting other fish stocks making them more dependent on internationally valuable cod.
Link 1 => PI (hard)
- No known influence.
Relationship 6
PI (soft) => RU:
- Inappropriate behavior is sanctioned by social norms which range from social shaming and non-cooperation to treating the offender as an outsider (social exclusion from all community activities).
- Social norms disempower fisherment from engaging in collective action and cooperative behavior.
- Interest in fishery eroding among younger fishermen who are unwilling to learn the fishing marks.
RU => PI (soft):
- Distrust of "outsiders" is shaping expectation of fishermen that written knowledge of fishing ground will be abused by strangers.
PI (hard) => RU:
- No known interaction.
RU => PI (hard)
- No known interaction.
Exogenous Drivers 7 (Resource System)
Exogenous natural resource system drivers:
- It can be inferred that elements of nature (wind and ice) affected access to resources (they fish only as far as 15 fathoms) and shore activity/land.
Exogenous Drivers 7 (Public Infrastructure)
Community relocation by the Canadian government will disrupt both hard and soft infrastructure.
Exogenous Drivers 8 (Resource Users)
Exogenous economic drivers:
- Financial incentives offered by the Canadian government to Cat Harbour residents willing to relocate to Lumsden is undermining community cohesion and egalitarian community structure.
- Increasing participation in short-term cash transactions is undermining egalitarian social structure creating rifts between haves and have nots.
Exogenous social drivers:
- Shifting focus of community values outward is changing community structure and traditions.
Exogenous Drivers 8 (Public Infrastructure Providers)
None specified in the text.
Human Infrastructure, Private and Human-Made (Resource Users)
- Every man was responsible for building their boats and lobster pots/traps.
Human Infrastructure, Private and Human-Made (Public Infrastructure Providers)
- None specified in the document
Schlager E, University of Arizona.
Brady U, Arizona State University.
Monakhova M, Arizona State University.
Brown-Wood RNS, Arizona State University.
. 1973. Cat Harbour: A Newfoundland Fishing Settlement. Newfoundland Social And Economic Studies.