- Resource System
- Coastal marine ecosystem
- Resource Units
- Fish stocks of badejo, dentão, carnapú, and olho de boi
- Location
- Camacari, Bahia, Brazil
Arembepe, a village in the north-central Brazil and capital of the state of Bahia, is located to the north of the city of Salvador on the Atlantic coast. The original case, which spans from 1962 to 1964, catalogues a population of 181 fishermen in the village. A variety of fish are appropriated from the Arembepe Fishery, mainly depending on the season. Few of the most commonly caught fish species are badejo, dentão, carnapú, and olho de boi. The rule that regulates temporary access to fishing spots is "first-in-time, first-in-right".
This case study is part of the original Common-Pool Resource (CPR) database. A summary of the origninal CPR coding conducted in the 1980s by Edella Schlager and Shui Yan Tang at Indiana University may be found under the CPR tab in the Institutional Analysis section below.
The resource appropriated from Arembepe Fishery is fish of all types present in resource.. The boundaries of the resource discussed extend from 4 miles south where another fishing village is located, to a port 5 miles north, to continental slope 7 miles off shore.
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Arembepe Fishery is fish of all types present in resource.. The boundaries of the resource discussed extend from 4 miles south where another fishing village is located, to a port 5 miles north, to continental slope 7 miles off shore.
SCREENER:
Case: Arembepe Fishery, Brazil
The information regarding the following common-pool resource system was taken from empirical evidence from a field setting. Data on the system was extracted from a thesis or dissertation. Currently, there are no additional documents to cite which may provide further information about this common-pool resource.
These documents describe one resource in detail. The primary resource is the Arembepe Fishery, situated in Arembepe Hamlet of Brazil. More generally, it is located in South America. The system's sector is that of fisheries. Relatively good information has been collected about the stakes of participants who appropriate from Arembepe Fishery. The condition of this resource is not well understood. Complete information is available regarding the strategies used by key groups interacting with the system. There is thorough documentation of the operational rules for this resource. This is the result of a high level of confidence that the authors who recorded the features of Arembepe Fishery have a complete knowledge of its particulars. Furthermore, the authors have provided sufficient data to formulate a structured coding process.
The Arembepe Fishery covers an unknown area. There are 25-50 total appropriator teams appropriating from the resource . At the beginning of the period discussed by the authors, there was a moderately abundant supply of biological and physical resources withdrawn compared to the number of units available. Appropriator teams for the resource are never formally organized.
This is a thoroughly documented case of an unorganized co-claimant resource using only one rule: temporary first-in-time, first-in-right for fishing spots. The resource is marginal and many young people leave Arembepe for work elsewhere. The lack of social, economic, and political stratification in Arembepe is explained by there being no basis for differential access to marine resources either in the marine environment (open sea, mobile game) or in the rudimentary, low-value technology. The hamlet is isolated and not attractive to external investment and so not influenced by stratifying forces in the larger Brazilian society.
CITATION(S):
Kottak, C. (1966) "The Structure of Equality in a Brazilian Fishing Community." Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University.
The resource appropriated from Arembepe Fishery is fish of all types present in resource.. The boundaries of the resource discussed extend from 4 miles south where another fishing village is located, to a port 5 miles north, to continental slope 7 miles off shore.
SCREENER:
Case: Arembepe Fishery, Brazil
The information regarding the following common-pool resource system was taken from empirical evidence from a field setting. Data on the system was extracted from a thesis or dissertation. Currently, there are no additional documents to cite which may provide further information about this common-pool resource.
These documents describe one resource in detail. The primary resource is the Arembepe Fishery, situated in Arembepe Hamlet of Brazil. More generally, it is located in South America. The system's sector is that of fisheries. Relatively good information has been collected about the stakes of participants who appropriate from Arembepe Fishery. The condition of this resource is not well understood. Complete information is available regarding the strategies used by key groups interacting with the system. There is thorough documentation of the operational rules for this resource. This is the result of a high level of confidence that the authors who recorded the features of Arembepe Fishery have a complete knowledge of its particulars. Furthermore, the authors have provided sufficient data to formulate a structured coding process.
The Arembepe Fishery covers an unknown area. There are 25-50 total appropriator teams appropriating from the resource . At the beginning of the period discussed by the authors, there was a moderately abundant supply of biological and physical resources withdrawn compared to the number of units available. Appropriator teams for the resource are never formally organized.
This is a thoroughly documented case of an unorganized co-claimant resource using only one rule: temporary first-in-time, first-in-right for fishing spots. The resource is marginal and many young people leave Arembepe for work elsewhere. The lack of social, economic, and political stratification in Arembepe is explained by there being no basis for differential access to marine resources either in the marine environment (open sea, mobile game) or in the rudimentary, low-value technology. The hamlet is isolated and not attractive to external investment and so not influenced by stratifying forces in the larger Brazilian society.
CITATION(S):
Kottak, C. (1966) "The Structure of Equality in a Brazilian Fishing Community." Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University.
RESOURCE INFO:
The resource appropriated from Arembepe Fishery is fish of all types present in resource.. It is produced biologically and is a renewable moving (fugitive) unit. The boundaries of the resource discussed extend from 4 miles south where another fishing village is located, to a port 5 miles north, to continental slope 7 miles off shore.
The boundary of this resource has natural/constructed attributes which do not limit entry. The boundaries of this resource are smaller than the location, and exist in one country, and are not divided among multiple general purpose local jurisdictions at a single level. The boundaries of this resource are independent of a development project designed by non-residents.
There are distinct and stable micro-environmental or ecological zones within this resource (highly confident). The quality and/or quantity of units is regularly better in some of the zones than in others (highly confident).
There are not strategic points within the resource where the main flow of the Fish of all types present in resource. can be controlled (highly confident). There is considerable, but highly unpredictable variation over space in the availability of Fish of all types present in resource. within the resource (highly confident). There is considerable, but highly unpredictable variation in the flow of Fish of all types present in resource. within a single year (highly confident). There is not considerable variation in the flow of Fish of all types present in resource. from year to year (educated guess).
The bottom topography of Arembepe Fishery is primarily sand (highly confident).
The boundaries of the production resource do not coincide with the boundaries of the location. Rather, the location is within the boundaries of the appropriation resource (highly confident). The boundaries of the production resource are not equivalent to the boundaries of the location. The boundaries of the location lie within the boundaries of the production resource (highly confident). The boundaries of the distribution resource are not identical to the boundaries of the appropriation resource, but appropriation is within the boundaries of distribution (highly confident). The boundaries of the production resource are roughly equivalent to the boundaries of the distribution resource (highly confident).
LOCATION:
The appropriation resources are situated in the fishing hamlet of Arembepe, in the "municipality" of Camacari. The boundaries of the location are boundaries of the fishing grounds plus the village - three borders are defined largely by institutions.
The system is located within one country. Within this country, the system's location is not divided among several general purpose local jurisdictions at the same level. A permanent population lives year round in this location . Additionally, the most common mode of transportation in this region is jeep. This location is also characterized by an economy that is stable and relatively autonomous with respect to other economic networks during the entire time period .
The latitude of this location is 12.45'S, and its longitude is 38.1'W. The elevation of this location is 0 meters (highly confident). The highest elevation is 0 (highly confident). The lowest elevation of this location is 0 (highly confident). The region's average annual rainfall is . The region's average annual evapotranspiration is . The distribution of rainfall and evapotranspiration per month is as follows:
January precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
February precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
March precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
April precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
May precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
June precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
July precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
August precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
September precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
October precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
November precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
December precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
COUNTRY, REGION, TIME:
This study examines a common-pool resource institution in Brazil, starting in 0, ending in 1965.
During the period of time that this region was studied, the citizens of Brazil were not able to follow formal procedures to create their own local general purpose governments (highly confident). If a basic charter of a traditionally evolved local general purpose government was in existence, it could not be maintained (highly confident). The citizens living in Brazil were not able to follow formal procedures to create their own local special purpose enterprises with some public powers (highly confident).
During the time of this study, citizens in this or simliar regions had not created or evolved public enterprises with public treasuries and collective decisions outside the formal governmental structure (educated guess). The stance of the national government was mildly negative toward efforts of the citizens to organize locally and create general or special enterprises to cope with local problems (educated guess).
The individuals that made collective choice decisions in Brazil were officials appointed by a higher level government whose actions were reviewed, approved or rejected by their superiors (highly confident). The source of funds used by general purpose local governments was not included in the case study. The judiciary system in this region during the time of the study was not included in the case study.
The resource appropriated from Arembepe Fishery is fish of all types present in resource.. It is produced biologically and is a renewable moving (fugitive) unit. The boundaries of the resource discussed extend from 4 miles south where another fishing village is located, to a port 5 miles north, to continental slope 7 miles off shore.
The boundary of this resource has natural/constructed attributes which do not limit entry. The boundaries of this resource are smaller than the location, and exist in one country, and are not divided among multiple general purpose local jurisdictions at a single level. The boundaries of this resource are independent of a development project designed by non-residents.
There are distinct and stable micro-environmental or ecological zones within this resource (highly confident). The quality and/or quantity of units is regularly better in some of the zones than in others (highly confident).
There are not strategic points within the resource where the main flow of the Fish of all types present in resource. can be controlled (highly confident). There is considerable, but highly unpredictable variation over space in the availability of Fish of all types present in resource. within the resource (highly confident). There is considerable, but highly unpredictable variation in the flow of Fish of all types present in resource. within a single year (highly confident). There is not considerable variation in the flow of Fish of all types present in resource. from year to year (educated guess).
The bottom topography of Arembepe Fishery is primarily sand (highly confident).
The boundaries of the production resource do not coincide with the boundaries of the location. Rather, the location is within the boundaries of the appropriation resource (highly confident). The boundaries of the production resource are not equivalent to the boundaries of the location. The boundaries of the location lie within the boundaries of the production resource (highly confident). The boundaries of the distribution resource are not identical to the boundaries of the appropriation resource, but appropriation is within the boundaries of distribution (highly confident). The boundaries of the production resource are roughly equivalent to the boundaries of the distribution resource (highly confident).
LOCATION:
The appropriation resources are situated in the fishing hamlet of Arembepe, in the "municipality" of Camacari. The boundaries of the location are boundaries of the fishing grounds plus the village - three borders are defined largely by institutions.
The system is located within one country. Within this country, the system's location is not divided among several general purpose local jurisdictions at the same level. A permanent population lives year round in this location . Additionally, the most common mode of transportation in this region is jeep. This location is also characterized by an economy that is stable and relatively autonomous with respect to other economic networks during the entire time period .
The latitude of this location is 12.45'S, and its longitude is 38.1'W. The elevation of this location is 0 meters (highly confident). The highest elevation is 0 (highly confident). The lowest elevation of this location is 0 (highly confident). The region's average annual rainfall is . The region's average annual evapotranspiration is . The distribution of rainfall and evapotranspiration per month is as follows:
January precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
February precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
March precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
April precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
May precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
June precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
July precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
August precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
September precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
October precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
November precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
December precipitation: 0, evapotraspiration: 0
COUNTRY, REGION, TIME:
This study examines a common-pool resource institution in Brazil, starting in 0, ending in 1965.
During the period of time that this region was studied, the citizens of Brazil were not able to follow formal procedures to create their own local general purpose governments (highly confident). If a basic charter of a traditionally evolved local general purpose government was in existence, it could not be maintained (highly confident). The citizens living in Brazil were not able to follow formal procedures to create their own local special purpose enterprises with some public powers (highly confident).
During the time of this study, citizens in this or simliar regions had not created or evolved public enterprises with public treasuries and collective decisions outside the formal governmental structure (educated guess). The stance of the national government was mildly negative toward efforts of the citizens to organize locally and create general or special enterprises to cope with local problems (educated guess).
The individuals that made collective choice decisions in Brazil were officials appointed by a higher level government whose actions were reviewed, approved or rejected by their superiors (highly confident). The source of funds used by general purpose local governments was not included in the case study. The judiciary system in this region during the time of the study was not included in the case study.
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Arembepe Fishery is fish of all types present in resource.. The boundaries of the resource discussed extend from 4 miles south where another fishing village is located, to a port 5 miles north, to continental slope 7 miles off shore.
OPERATIONAL LEVEL:
TYPE OF SITUATION
The processes described in the related documents are primarily related to appropriation alone. The formal owner(s) of the resource discussed in this study is a central government. The set of individuals who have rights to withdraw from this resource is well-defined. As of the beginning of this period, the owners are not exercising nor attempting to exercise closed access to this resource. Since the beginning of this period, the appropriators are not exercising, or attempting to exercise closed access to this resource.
EVENTS MARKING THE BEGINNING ACTION SITUATION
It is estimated that the operational level coded on this form ended in 0. The estimated duration of the patterns that are described in this form is 26 to 50 years. Throughout the duration there were no changes made in operational, collective, or consititutional rules. There was no change in resource size or structure. There was no new technology introduced to the system over the duration of the patterns coded on this form. There was no substantial external change in the value of the units appropriated. The quantity of units available did not change due to a change in appropriation patterns of other appropriators' withdrawals from the same production or distribution resource. There were no new groups starting to withdraw units from the appropriation resource. There was no recorded change to one or more variables internal to the operational level. The author begins the description of this case at this point in history. The author begins at this point in history because Did field work in 1964 and 1965.
CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF PERIOD COVERED BY THIS FORM*
For biological resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was moderately abundant (highly confident). For biological resources at the end of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was moderately abundant (highly confident). For physical resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units was moderately abundant (highly confident). For physical resources at the end of the period the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units, was moderately abundant (highly confident).
The following includes the available statistics on the use of this resource at the beginning of the time period, followed by the end of the time period:
Tons of fish harvested per year at the beginning of the period: 125000 (inferred)
Tons of fish harvested per year at the end of the period: 125000 (inferred)
It is not indicated whether or not the units were sexually mature at this size or age at the beginning of this period. It is not indicated whether or not the units were sexually mature at this size or age at the end of this period.
*In fisheries and other biological systems, this is the maximum sustainable number of units. In irrigation, this refers to the optimal water requirements of the crops in the established fields served by this system.
At the beginning of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets, and also sold in local markets, and consumed by appropriators and families.
At the end of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets, and also sold in local markets, and consumed by appropriators and families.
As of the beginning of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). As of the end of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). At the beginning of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources, due to the way units are being appropriated (inferred). At the end of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources due to the way units are being appropriated (inferred). As of the beginning of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was quite low (inferred). As of the end of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was quite low (inferred). At the beginning of this period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (highly confident). At the end of the period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (highly confident). ## Unknown markup: Start ##By the end of this period no change had occurred in the property rights regime related to the appropriation resource (highly confident). At the end of this period the owners were not exercising, nor attempting to exercise closed access to this resource. At the end of the period the appropriators were not exercising, nor attempting to exercise, closed access to this resource.
INFORMATION LEVELS
There are no maps or charts of the appropriation resource for use by the appropriators (inferred). Maps and/or charts of the production and distribution resources are not available to the appropriators. The appropriators of this resource can be seen by each other while delivering harvest to a central location (highly confident). No appropriators are in radio communication with each other while appropriating from the resource (highly confident). There are not actions being taken, by appropriators or officials, to generate information about the condition of the resource (inferred). There are sometimes records of the withdrawals from this resource kept in a systematic way (confident). There are not records of the physical factors which directly affected the resource kept in a systematic way (inferred). There are not records of the appropriators' contributions to monitoring of the resource kept in a systematic way (highly confident). There are not records of the appropriators' contribution to the maintenance of the resource kept in a systematic way (highly confident). Records are kept in a language accessible to most of the appropriators (highly confident). The keepers of these records are not "officials" (highly confident). The case study did not indicate whether or not these records are available for inspection by appropriators. There are arenas being used for the exchange of information about conditions of the resource (inferred). Appropriators get together to discuss mutual problems of the resource weekly (inferred). The appropriators have an intimate knowledge of the characteristics of this resource (highly confident).
POTENTIAL ACTIONS AND LEVELS OF CONTROL
There are no specialized staff or workers to undertake maintenance. The quality or quantity of the units available to the appropriators are not adversely affected by the strategies of prior appropriators (inferred). There are not problems of pollution resulting from activities of others who are not appropriators of this resource or inhabitants of this location (e.g. acid rain, sewage disposal) (inferred). Almost all appropriators sell this resource in one market (highly confident). There does not appear to be an insurance mechanism available to the appropriators related to variability of income from the resource (highly confident).
PATTERNS OF INTERACTION
Differences between subgroups relating to gender identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to ethnic identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to clan identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to racial identification does not affect communication (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to caste identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to religious identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to languages spoken does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to general cultural views of the resource system and its use does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to any problems that affect communication does not exist (highly confident).
The general manner in which appropriators related to one another during this study is a relatively positive, reciprocal manner -- the presumption was made that long-term relationships are involved and positive actions are undertaken without a specific expectation of return (highly confident). The documents present evidence that the appropriators have a general cultural pattern that stressed various types of cooperative activities besides the management of this resource (highly confident). If someone violated the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is likely that he/she would encounter social sanctions imposed by other appropriators (who are not filling posititions as official monitors) (inferred). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is unlikely that he/she would encounter physical sanctions by other appropriators (who are not filling posititions as official monitors) (confident). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is very unlikely that an official monitor or guard would move to impose sanctions (confident). There is little or no variation of sanctions imposed depending on rule infractions and in regard to social, physical, and official sanctions (confident).
POSITIONS AND PARTICIPANTS
At the end of the period studied the position of non-appropriator (individuals prevented from using the resource) did not exist. At the beginning of the period there was a general estimate of 101-200 appropriators. There was a general estimate of 101-200 appropriators at the end of the period. A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was 51-100, at the beginning of the period. A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was 51-100, at the end of the period. The "official" position of monitor (apart from the willingness of all appropriators to monitor) does not exist.
NUMBER AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROUPS
There will be 1 subgroup form(s) completed in relation to this operational level form. The ID number(s) of the subgroup(s) coded are as follows: 33 - 0 - 0 - 0
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
There are no appropriators who were consistently disadvantaged in this period (highly confident). The relatively worst off appropriators have not been cut out of their benefits from this resource or substantially harmed (highly confident). By the end of the period studied the distance between those who were the least advantaged and those who were the most advantaged could be characterized as remaining relatively constant over time (highly confident).
AUTHOR'S EVALUATION AND CAUSAL ASSUMPTIONS
In this coding form the author does not focus on the readers' concept of results and the evaluation of results.
The author was interested primarily in the lack of stratification. The author does not evaluate. Comments were made about open access, inheritance laws, division of wealth, the degree of labor shortage, and no problem of overuse here.
SUBGROUP:
Participants:
This appropriation group are males who choose to fish from this harbour. The criteria for who is a member is not well defined. At the start of this group the membership was estimated to be 101-200. This group ended with a membership of 127. Less than 10% of this group is literate in a language that records or publications about this resource and/or location (or other similar resources) is kept (highly confident).
The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:
Gender identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Ethnic or cultural identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are ethnically identified as portuguese. Clan identification results causes no difference in composition (highly confident). The clan identification for most of this subgroup is none. The difference in composition with regard to racial identification does not affect communication (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are racially identified as mulato. Caste identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are of the cast none. Religious identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are religiously identified as catholic. There is no difference in composition with regard to languages spoken (highly confident). The language spoken by most members of the subgroup is portuguese.
The appropriation process is organized as a team process consisting of 31 groups. The head of an appropriation team is based on exchange relationships.
Legal Rights:
Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (highly confident). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (highly confident). Rights to participate in management of this resource are not held either de facto nor de jure (inferred). Exlusion from use of the entire resource is not exercised either de facto nor de jure (inferred). Members of this subgroup cannot exercise the right to decide who can be excluded from particular zones within the resource either de facto nor de jure. (highly confident). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (highly confident). The separable rights to exercise transfer to shares of this appropriation resource, or closely related production and/or distribution resources are neither held de jure nor de facto (highly confident). Transferring shares of major appropriation equipment which are necessary to engage in appropriation is exercised de jure## Unknown column: EQUIPSHAR ##.
Stakes and Resources:
The length of time this subgroup has regularly appropriated from this resource is 76 through 100 years. Around 76%-90% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource. An estimated one half year through one year is needed to build or to earn enough income to purchase the equipment for an appropriation team (highly confident). Given the assets of members, the capital required to set up an appropriation team places pressure upon the appropriators to get immediate returns from appropriation (highly confident). Most people in this subgroup are very dependent (i.e. most of the family income) on this resource (inferred). Around 51%-75% of this subgroup work a substantial amount of time in activities not associated with appropriation from this resource (confident). The proportion of this subgroup that currently appropriates similar units from other resources is less than 10% (highly confident). Given the economy of the location, the average annual family income (including all non-monetary forms of income) is considered low (highly confident). The variance of the average annual family income across families is low (highly confident). Over time the variance of the average annual family income across families is moderate (inferred). Capital is owned by 10%-25% of this subgroup. No real alternatives for the supply unit are available (highly confident).
Potential Actions and Levels of Control:
A noticeable impact on the balance of the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available in this resource would not occur in a drastic reduction of this subgroup's appropriation activities. Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules cause unknown contraints, time limit rules cause unknown contraints, quantity rules cause unknown contraints, marginal units or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation have a moderate value immediate return (inferred).
Technology:
The most recent technological change experienced by this subgroup was 51-75 years ago (educated guess). Considering other technologies that have not changed, this technology has been in use for 51-75 years (educated guess). The appropriative power of the technology used does not threaten the balance between units withdrawn and units available even if no new users are added (inferred).
Strategies Adopted:
At the beginning of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant (highly confident). At the end of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant (highly confident). During this time period members have not invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (highly confident). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has not been made by members (highly confident). Resources have not been expended (including time) to avoid actions that would harm the structure of the appropriation resource (educated guess). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (highly confident). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that almost all of the members follow the rules set in place (highly confident). The level of infraction of members who are not rule followers is generally small (highly confident). No action has been proposed to alter the operational or collective-choice rules affecting the appropriation from this resource (highly confident).
Subgroup Results:
This subgroup appropriates 91%-100% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (highly confident). By the end of this time period the appropriates from this resource have remained approximately constant (highly confident). The absolute quantity of appropriation units obtained by this group has remained constant (highly confident).
The resource appropriated from Arembepe Fishery is fish of all types present in resource.. The boundaries of the resource discussed extend from 4 miles south where another fishing village is located, to a port 5 miles north, to continental slope 7 miles off shore.
OPERATIONAL LEVEL:
TYPE OF SITUATION
The processes described in the related documents are primarily related to appropriation alone. The formal owner(s) of the resource discussed in this study is a central government. The set of individuals who have rights to withdraw from this resource is well-defined. As of the beginning of this period, the owners are not exercising nor attempting to exercise closed access to this resource. Since the beginning of this period, the appropriators are not exercising, or attempting to exercise closed access to this resource.
EVENTS MARKING THE BEGINNING ACTION SITUATION
It is estimated that the operational level coded on this form ended in 0. The estimated duration of the patterns that are described in this form is 26 to 50 years. Throughout the duration there were no changes made in operational, collective, or consititutional rules. There was no change in resource size or structure. There was no new technology introduced to the system over the duration of the patterns coded on this form. There was no substantial external change in the value of the units appropriated. The quantity of units available did not change due to a change in appropriation patterns of other appropriators' withdrawals from the same production or distribution resource. There were no new groups starting to withdraw units from the appropriation resource. There was no recorded change to one or more variables internal to the operational level. The author begins the description of this case at this point in history. The author begins at this point in history because Did field work in 1964 and 1965.
CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF PERIOD COVERED BY THIS FORM*
For biological resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was moderately abundant (highly confident). For biological resources at the end of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was moderately abundant (highly confident). For physical resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units was moderately abundant (highly confident). For physical resources at the end of the period the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units, was moderately abundant (highly confident).
The following includes the available statistics on the use of this resource at the beginning of the time period, followed by the end of the time period:
Tons of fish harvested per year at the beginning of the period: 125000 (inferred)
Tons of fish harvested per year at the end of the period: 125000 (inferred)
It is not indicated whether or not the units were sexually mature at this size or age at the beginning of this period. It is not indicated whether or not the units were sexually mature at this size or age at the end of this period.
*In fisheries and other biological systems, this is the maximum sustainable number of units. In irrigation, this refers to the optimal water requirements of the crops in the established fields served by this system.
At the beginning of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets, and also sold in local markets, and consumed by appropriators and families.
At the end of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets, and also sold in local markets, and consumed by appropriators and families.
As of the beginning of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). As of the end of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). At the beginning of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources, due to the way units are being appropriated (inferred). At the end of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources due to the way units are being appropriated (inferred). As of the beginning of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was quite low (inferred). As of the end of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was quite low (inferred). At the beginning of this period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (highly confident). At the end of the period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (highly confident). ## Unknown markup: Start ##By the end of this period no change had occurred in the property rights regime related to the appropriation resource (highly confident). At the end of this period the owners were not exercising, nor attempting to exercise closed access to this resource. At the end of the period the appropriators were not exercising, nor attempting to exercise, closed access to this resource.
INFORMATION LEVELS
There are no maps or charts of the appropriation resource for use by the appropriators (inferred). Maps and/or charts of the production and distribution resources are not available to the appropriators. The appropriators of this resource can be seen by each other while delivering harvest to a central location (highly confident). No appropriators are in radio communication with each other while appropriating from the resource (highly confident). There are not actions being taken, by appropriators or officials, to generate information about the condition of the resource (inferred). There are sometimes records of the withdrawals from this resource kept in a systematic way (confident). There are not records of the physical factors which directly affected the resource kept in a systematic way (inferred). There are not records of the appropriators' contributions to monitoring of the resource kept in a systematic way (highly confident). There are not records of the appropriators' contribution to the maintenance of the resource kept in a systematic way (highly confident). Records are kept in a language accessible to most of the appropriators (highly confident). The keepers of these records are not "officials" (highly confident). The case study did not indicate whether or not these records are available for inspection by appropriators. There are arenas being used for the exchange of information about conditions of the resource (inferred). Appropriators get together to discuss mutual problems of the resource weekly (inferred). The appropriators have an intimate knowledge of the characteristics of this resource (highly confident).
POTENTIAL ACTIONS AND LEVELS OF CONTROL
There are no specialized staff or workers to undertake maintenance. The quality or quantity of the units available to the appropriators are not adversely affected by the strategies of prior appropriators (inferred). There are not problems of pollution resulting from activities of others who are not appropriators of this resource or inhabitants of this location (e.g. acid rain, sewage disposal) (inferred). Almost all appropriators sell this resource in one market (highly confident). There does not appear to be an insurance mechanism available to the appropriators related to variability of income from the resource (highly confident).
PATTERNS OF INTERACTION
Differences between subgroups relating to gender identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to ethnic identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to clan identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to racial identification does not affect communication (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to caste identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to religious identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to languages spoken does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to general cultural views of the resource system and its use does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to any problems that affect communication does not exist (highly confident).
The general manner in which appropriators related to one another during this study is a relatively positive, reciprocal manner -- the presumption was made that long-term relationships are involved and positive actions are undertaken without a specific expectation of return (highly confident). The documents present evidence that the appropriators have a general cultural pattern that stressed various types of cooperative activities besides the management of this resource (highly confident). If someone violated the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is likely that he/she would encounter social sanctions imposed by other appropriators (who are not filling posititions as official monitors) (inferred). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is unlikely that he/she would encounter physical sanctions by other appropriators (who are not filling posititions as official monitors) (confident). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is very unlikely that an official monitor or guard would move to impose sanctions (confident). There is little or no variation of sanctions imposed depending on rule infractions and in regard to social, physical, and official sanctions (confident).
POSITIONS AND PARTICIPANTS
At the end of the period studied the position of non-appropriator (individuals prevented from using the resource) did not exist. At the beginning of the period there was a general estimate of 101-200 appropriators. There was a general estimate of 101-200 appropriators at the end of the period. A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was 51-100, at the beginning of the period. A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was 51-100, at the end of the period. The "official" position of monitor (apart from the willingness of all appropriators to monitor) does not exist.
NUMBER AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROUPS
There will be 1 subgroup form(s) completed in relation to this operational level form. The ID number(s) of the subgroup(s) coded are as follows: 33 - 0 - 0 - 0
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
There are no appropriators who were consistently disadvantaged in this period (highly confident). The relatively worst off appropriators have not been cut out of their benefits from this resource or substantially harmed (highly confident). By the end of the period studied the distance between those who were the least advantaged and those who were the most advantaged could be characterized as remaining relatively constant over time (highly confident).
AUTHOR'S EVALUATION AND CAUSAL ASSUMPTIONS
In this coding form the author does not focus on the readers' concept of results and the evaluation of results.
The author was interested primarily in the lack of stratification. The author does not evaluate. Comments were made about open access, inheritance laws, division of wealth, the degree of labor shortage, and no problem of overuse here.
SUBGROUP:
Participants:
This appropriation group are males who choose to fish from this harbour. The criteria for who is a member is not well defined. At the start of this group the membership was estimated to be 101-200. This group ended with a membership of 127. Less than 10% of this group is literate in a language that records or publications about this resource and/or location (or other similar resources) is kept (highly confident).
The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:
Gender identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Ethnic or cultural identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are ethnically identified as portuguese. Clan identification results causes no difference in composition (highly confident). The clan identification for most of this subgroup is none. The difference in composition with regard to racial identification does not affect communication (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are racially identified as mulato. Caste identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are of the cast none. Religious identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Most members of this subgroup are religiously identified as catholic. There is no difference in composition with regard to languages spoken (highly confident). The language spoken by most members of the subgroup is portuguese.
The appropriation process is organized as a team process consisting of 31 groups. The head of an appropriation team is based on exchange relationships.
Legal Rights:
Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (highly confident). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (highly confident). Rights to participate in management of this resource are not held either de facto nor de jure (inferred). Exlusion from use of the entire resource is not exercised either de facto nor de jure (inferred). Members of this subgroup cannot exercise the right to decide who can be excluded from particular zones within the resource either de facto nor de jure. (highly confident). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (highly confident). The separable rights to exercise transfer to shares of this appropriation resource, or closely related production and/or distribution resources are neither held de jure nor de facto (highly confident). Transferring shares of major appropriation equipment which are necessary to engage in appropriation is exercised de jure## Unknown column: EQUIPSHAR ##.
Stakes and Resources:
The length of time this subgroup has regularly appropriated from this resource is 76 through 100 years. Around 76%-90% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource. An estimated one half year through one year is needed to build or to earn enough income to purchase the equipment for an appropriation team (highly confident). Given the assets of members, the capital required to set up an appropriation team places pressure upon the appropriators to get immediate returns from appropriation (highly confident). Most people in this subgroup are very dependent (i.e. most of the family income) on this resource (inferred). Around 51%-75% of this subgroup work a substantial amount of time in activities not associated with appropriation from this resource (confident). The proportion of this subgroup that currently appropriates similar units from other resources is less than 10% (highly confident). Given the economy of the location, the average annual family income (including all non-monetary forms of income) is considered low (highly confident). The variance of the average annual family income across families is low (highly confident). Over time the variance of the average annual family income across families is moderate (inferred). Capital is owned by 10%-25% of this subgroup. No real alternatives for the supply unit are available (highly confident).
Potential Actions and Levels of Control:
A noticeable impact on the balance of the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available in this resource would not occur in a drastic reduction of this subgroup's appropriation activities. Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules cause unknown contraints, time limit rules cause unknown contraints, quantity rules cause unknown contraints, marginal units or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation have a moderate value immediate return (inferred).
Technology:
The most recent technological change experienced by this subgroup was 51-75 years ago (educated guess). Considering other technologies that have not changed, this technology has been in use for 51-75 years (educated guess). The appropriative power of the technology used does not threaten the balance between units withdrawn and units available even if no new users are added (inferred).
Strategies Adopted:
At the beginning of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant (highly confident). At the end of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant (highly confident). During this time period members have not invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (highly confident). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has not been made by members (highly confident). Resources have not been expended (including time) to avoid actions that would harm the structure of the appropriation resource (educated guess). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (highly confident). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that almost all of the members follow the rules set in place (highly confident). The level of infraction of members who are not rule followers is generally small (highly confident). No action has been proposed to alter the operational or collective-choice rules affecting the appropriation from this resource (highly confident).
Subgroup Results:
This subgroup appropriates 91%-100% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (highly confident). By the end of this time period the appropriates from this resource have remained approximately constant (highly confident). The absolute quantity of appropriation units obtained by this group has remained constant (highly confident).
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Arembepe Fishery is fish of all types present in resource.. The boundaries of the resource discussed extend from 4 miles south where another fishing village is located, to a port 5 miles north, to continental slope 7 miles off shore.
OPERATIONAL RULES:
Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides a few detailed references to operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below. Concerning regional collective choice, the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by regional collective choice mechanisms, however a regional level of government does exist.
With regard to local collective choice, there is a local level of government or organization of appropriators, but it does not exercise jurisdiction in relation to the type of resource appropriated by this subgroup.
Boundary Rules
The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.
The local level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a country. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to be of a certain gender. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to obtain a license for entry or for equipment in order to appropriate. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).
The sum of the fees and licenses is relatively low given the resources of most of the appropriators.
When an entry fee or license is required or permitted, the sum is relatively low given the benefits that can be obtained from withdrawing units from this resource.
There are no rules-in-use related to inheritance of entry rights.
Within one generation of potential resource appropriators, entry rights cannot be transferred to anyone else.
Authority and Scope Rules
The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.
The following paragraphs include information on rules of 1 cycle(s).
Authority Rules:
The local level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.
The length of the withdrawing season is 0 week(s)..
There is a rule permitting withdrawal at specific locations or spots, according to the "first in time - first in right" principle. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
The authority and scope rules do not apply to whether or not certain subgroups received substantially unequal privileges, because there is only one subgroup.
Scope Rules:
The local level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.
Information Rules
Payoff Rules
The default condition, that all appropriators can retain whatever they can physically keep hold of and no external rewards, taxes, or sanctions are imposed is not imposed in this case. Incarceration is not imposed as penalty on appropriators for breaking rules related to the appropriation of this resource. No fines can be imposed on appropriators for breaking rules related to the appropriation of this resource. Appropriators may not lose their entry or appropriation rights for breaking rules related to the appropriation of the resource. Severe community shunning is not used as a sanction that is consciously imposed on appropriators who break rules related to the appropriation of this resource. Appropriators cannot obtain external aid to develop their appropriation technologies. Appropriators cannot obtain external aid to develop or repair their production, distribution, or appropriation resources. Appropriators cannot obtain external aid to develop technologies for using the resource units. Appropriators are party to price support contracts or guaranteed purchase agreements with a local (private or public) agency(s) for the selling of resource units or commodities produced by resource units.
The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.
Owner(s) (non-operator(s)) of primary appropriation equipment:
19%; 0%; 0%
Owner(s) - operators(s) of primary appropriation equipment:
40%; 0%; 0%
Owner(s) (non-operator(s)) of supplementary appropriation equipment:
0%; 0%; 0%
Owner(s) - operator(s) of supplementary appropriation equipment:
0%; 0%; 0%
Crew with special assets (including non-owner captain):
21%; 0%; 0%
Regular crew (each):
15%; 0%; 0%
Other:
0%; 0%; 0%
Rafts (saveiros) are frequently owned by two persons but some captains own their own rafts. The owners or co-owners receive one fourth of the return.
Aggregation Rules
The default condition, that no rules specify contraints or requirements on the process to be used in deciding which actions will be taken, and that appropriators can have as much independence in deciding upon actions as they are physically able to exert, is imposed in this case.
Overall Questions About Rules Configuration
The general framework of the rules-in-use has governed the activities of this subgroup for 51 to 75 years.
The resource appropriated from Arembepe Fishery is fish of all types present in resource.. The boundaries of the resource discussed extend from 4 miles south where another fishing village is located, to a port 5 miles north, to continental slope 7 miles off shore.
OPERATIONAL RULES:
Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides a few detailed references to operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below. Concerning regional collective choice, the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by regional collective choice mechanisms, however a regional level of government does exist.
With regard to local collective choice, there is a local level of government or organization of appropriators, but it does not exercise jurisdiction in relation to the type of resource appropriated by this subgroup.
Boundary Rules
The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.
The local level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a country. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to be of a certain gender. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to obtain a license for entry or for equipment in order to appropriate. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).
The sum of the fees and licenses is relatively low given the resources of most of the appropriators.
When an entry fee or license is required or permitted, the sum is relatively low given the benefits that can be obtained from withdrawing units from this resource.
There are no rules-in-use related to inheritance of entry rights.
Within one generation of potential resource appropriators, entry rights cannot be transferred to anyone else.
Authority and Scope Rules
The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.
The following paragraphs include information on rules of 1 cycle(s).
Authority Rules:
The local level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.
The length of the withdrawing season is 0 week(s)..
There is a rule permitting withdrawal at specific locations or spots, according to the "first in time - first in right" principle. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
The authority and scope rules do not apply to whether or not certain subgroups received substantially unequal privileges, because there is only one subgroup.
Scope Rules:
The local level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.
Information Rules
Payoff Rules
The default condition, that all appropriators can retain whatever they can physically keep hold of and no external rewards, taxes, or sanctions are imposed is not imposed in this case. Incarceration is not imposed as penalty on appropriators for breaking rules related to the appropriation of this resource. No fines can be imposed on appropriators for breaking rules related to the appropriation of this resource. Appropriators may not lose their entry or appropriation rights for breaking rules related to the appropriation of the resource. Severe community shunning is not used as a sanction that is consciously imposed on appropriators who break rules related to the appropriation of this resource. Appropriators cannot obtain external aid to develop their appropriation technologies. Appropriators cannot obtain external aid to develop or repair their production, distribution, or appropriation resources. Appropriators cannot obtain external aid to develop technologies for using the resource units. Appropriators are party to price support contracts or guaranteed purchase agreements with a local (private or public) agency(s) for the selling of resource units or commodities produced by resource units.
The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.
Owner(s) (non-operator(s)) of primary appropriation equipment:
19%; 0%; 0%
Owner(s) - operators(s) of primary appropriation equipment:
40%; 0%; 0%
Owner(s) (non-operator(s)) of supplementary appropriation equipment:
0%; 0%; 0%
Owner(s) - operator(s) of supplementary appropriation equipment:
0%; 0%; 0%
Crew with special assets (including non-owner captain):
21%; 0%; 0%
Regular crew (each):
15%; 0%; 0%
Other:
0%; 0%; 0%
Rafts (saveiros) are frequently owned by two persons but some captains own their own rafts. The owners or co-owners receive one fourth of the return.
Aggregation Rules
The default condition, that no rules specify contraints or requirements on the process to be used in deciding which actions will be taken, and that appropriators can have as much independence in deciding upon actions as they are physically able to exert, is imposed in this case.
Overall Questions About Rules Configuration
The general framework of the rules-in-use has governed the activities of this subgroup for 51 to 75 years.
Schlager E, University of Arizona.
Brady U, Arizona State University.
. 1966. The Structure of Equality in a Brazilian Fishing Community. Columbia University. PhD