- Resource System
- Marine ecosystem
- Resource Units
- Anchovy
Gageo-do is an isolated island fishing community located in the Jeollanam-do(Cholla Nam-do) Province of Korea. The resources harvested are anchovies from the Gageo-do anchovy grounds surrounding Kagodo Island as well as seaweed, which is harvested during spring. Boundaries are drawn on technological limitations, as boats can only travel a limited distance offshore. Seaweed grounds are owned collectively and can be accessed by member households.
This case was part of the original CPR database developed in the 1980s by Edella Schlager and Shui Yan Tang at Indiana University. The original CPR report can be found under the CPR tab in the Institutional Analysis section below.
The resource appropriated from Kagoda anchovy grounds is anchovies. The resource discussed consists of the anchovy grounds surrounding Kagoda Island. Boundaries are based on technological limits - boats can only travel a limited distance offshore.
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Kagoda anchovy grounds is anchovies. The resource discussed consists of the anchovy grounds surrounding Kagoda Island. Boundaries are based on technological limits - boats can only travel a limited distance offshore.
SCREENER:
Case: Kagoda anchovy grounds, Korea
The information regarding the following common-pool resource system was taken from empirical evidence from a field setting. Data on the system was extracted from a thesis or dissertation. Currently, there are no additional documents to cite which may provide further information about this common-pool resource.
These documents describe two resources in detail. The primary resource is the Kagoda anchovy grounds, situated in Kagoda anchovy grounds of Korea. More generally, it is located in Orient. The system's sector is that of fisheries. Relatively good information has been collected about the stakes of participants who appropriate from Kagoda anchovy grounds. The condition of this resource is not well understood. Complete information is not available regarding the strategies used by key groups interacting with the system. There is thorough documentation of the operational rules for this resource. This is the result of a high level of confidence that the authors who recorded the features of Kagoda anchovy grounds have a complete knowledge of its particulars. Furthermore, the authors have provided sufficient data to formulate a structured coding process.
The Kagoda anchovy grounds covers an unknown area. There are less than 25 total appropriator teams appropriating from the resource . Appropriator teams for the resource are sometimes formally organized.
Han discusses three fishing villages and the differences among them in the organization of fishing. Kogodo is a very isolated island fishing community. During the spring, seaweed is harvested. The people collectively own the seaweed grounds and one member from each household can access the grounds. There is also a summer anchovy fishery, and a fall mixed fishery. No cooperative exists and the village communal organization organizes the fisheries. Hamguri is not as isolated as Kagodo. During the spring, villagers also collect seaweed from communal grounds. In addition, it has a spring fishery of shrimp and a fall fishery of shellfish. The fishermen are organized into a very strong cooperative, which has engaged in improving the fishery and has instituted money-making projects for the fishers. Sokpyong is located in an urban area and its fishing processes are diverse. The fishers fish for shellfish, octopus, anchovy, and squid. They own very advanced equipment like diving machines which permit easier harvesting of shellfish and seaweed. They too have a strong co-op that funds innovative techniques.
CITATION(S):
Han, San-Bok (1972) "Socioeconomic Organization and Change in Korean Fishing Villages: A Comparative Study of Three Fishing Communities." Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University.
The resource appropriated from Kagoda anchovy grounds is anchovies. The resource discussed consists of the anchovy grounds surrounding Kagoda Island. Boundaries are based on technological limits - boats can only travel a limited distance offshore.
SCREENER:
Case: Kagoda anchovy grounds, Korea
The information regarding the following common-pool resource system was taken from empirical evidence from a field setting. Data on the system was extracted from a thesis or dissertation. Currently, there are no additional documents to cite which may provide further information about this common-pool resource.
These documents describe two resources in detail. The primary resource is the Kagoda anchovy grounds, situated in Kagoda anchovy grounds of Korea. More generally, it is located in Orient. The system's sector is that of fisheries. Relatively good information has been collected about the stakes of participants who appropriate from Kagoda anchovy grounds. The condition of this resource is not well understood. Complete information is not available regarding the strategies used by key groups interacting with the system. There is thorough documentation of the operational rules for this resource. This is the result of a high level of confidence that the authors who recorded the features of Kagoda anchovy grounds have a complete knowledge of its particulars. Furthermore, the authors have provided sufficient data to formulate a structured coding process.
The Kagoda anchovy grounds covers an unknown area. There are less than 25 total appropriator teams appropriating from the resource . Appropriator teams for the resource are sometimes formally organized.
Han discusses three fishing villages and the differences among them in the organization of fishing. Kogodo is a very isolated island fishing community. During the spring, seaweed is harvested. The people collectively own the seaweed grounds and one member from each household can access the grounds. There is also a summer anchovy fishery, and a fall mixed fishery. No cooperative exists and the village communal organization organizes the fisheries. Hamguri is not as isolated as Kagodo. During the spring, villagers also collect seaweed from communal grounds. In addition, it has a spring fishery of shrimp and a fall fishery of shellfish. The fishermen are organized into a very strong cooperative, which has engaged in improving the fishery and has instituted money-making projects for the fishers. Sokpyong is located in an urban area and its fishing processes are diverse. The fishers fish for shellfish, octopus, anchovy, and squid. They own very advanced equipment like diving machines which permit easier harvesting of shellfish and seaweed. They too have a strong co-op that funds innovative techniques.
CITATION(S):
Han, San-Bok (1972) "Socioeconomic Organization and Change in Korean Fishing Villages: A Comparative Study of Three Fishing Communities." Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University.
RESOURCE INFO:
The resource appropriated from Kagoda anchovy grounds is anchovies. It is produced biologically and is a renewable moving (fugitive) unit. The resource discussed consists of the anchovy grounds surrounding Kagoda Island. Boundaries are based on technological limits - boats can only travel a limited distance offshore.
The boundary of this resource has institutional arrangements. The boundaries of this resource are smaller than the location, and exist in one country, but are divided among several general purpose local jurisdictions at a single level. The boundaries of this resource are independent of a development project designed by non-residents.
There are not distinct and stable micro-environmental or ecological zones within this resource (educated guess). The case information did not indicate whether or not a variance in quality between zones has ever created conflict among appropriators.
There are not strategic points within the resource where the main flow of the Anchovy can be controlled (inferred). There is considerable, but unpredictable variation over space in the availability of Anchovy within the resource (inferred). There is considerable, and mildly predictable variation in the flow of Anchovy within a single year (inferred). There is considerable, but unpredictable variation in the flow of Anchovy from year to year (inferred).
The bottom topography of Kagoda anchovy grounds is primarily gravel (educated guess).
The boundaries of the production resource and the boundaries of the appropriation resource overlap partially, but they are not equivalent. (educated guess). The boundaries of the production resource partially overlap the boundaries of the location, but the two boundaries are not equivalent (educated guess). The boundaries of the distribution resource have an unrecorded relationship to the boundaries of the appropriation resource. The boundaries of the production resource have a relationship to the boundaries of the distribution resource that was not indicated in this case study.
LOCATION:
The appropriation resources are situated on an island off the southwest coast of Korea in the East China Sea and in the coastal waters surrounding the island. The boundaries of the location are defined naturally and institutionally. The boundaries of the island are natural. However, the boundaries of the grounds are rule and technologically defined. The appropriation resource present in this location consists of Myok (seaweed), and Anchovy (coding), as well as bass and snapper. Regarding the use of the irrigation system, there were few adverse affects throughout the entire period in the relationships among appropriation processes.
The system is located within one country. Within this country, the system's location is divided among several general purpose local jurisdictions at the same level. A permanent population lives year round in this location (highly confident). There is not frequent contact and communication between people in this location and officials in a nearby administrative center (inferred). Additionally, the most common mode of transportation in this region is cargo ship. This location is also characterized by an economy that is stable and tied to other economic networks during the entire time period (inferred).
The latitude of this location is not specified, and its longitude is not specified. The elevation of this location is 0 meters. The highest elevation is 0. The lowest elevation of this location is 0. The region's average annual rainfall is . The region's average annual evapotranspiration is . The distribution of rainfall and evapotranspiration per month is as follows:
January precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
February precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
March precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
April precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
May precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
June precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
July precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
August precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
September precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
October precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
November precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
December precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
The resource appropriated from Kagoda anchovy grounds is anchovies. It is produced biologically and is a renewable moving (fugitive) unit. The resource discussed consists of the anchovy grounds surrounding Kagoda Island. Boundaries are based on technological limits - boats can only travel a limited distance offshore.
The boundary of this resource has institutional arrangements. The boundaries of this resource are smaller than the location, and exist in one country, but are divided among several general purpose local jurisdictions at a single level. The boundaries of this resource are independent of a development project designed by non-residents.
There are not distinct and stable micro-environmental or ecological zones within this resource (educated guess). The case information did not indicate whether or not a variance in quality between zones has ever created conflict among appropriators.
There are not strategic points within the resource where the main flow of the Anchovy can be controlled (inferred). There is considerable, but unpredictable variation over space in the availability of Anchovy within the resource (inferred). There is considerable, and mildly predictable variation in the flow of Anchovy within a single year (inferred). There is considerable, but unpredictable variation in the flow of Anchovy from year to year (inferred).
The bottom topography of Kagoda anchovy grounds is primarily gravel (educated guess).
The boundaries of the production resource and the boundaries of the appropriation resource overlap partially, but they are not equivalent. (educated guess). The boundaries of the production resource partially overlap the boundaries of the location, but the two boundaries are not equivalent (educated guess). The boundaries of the distribution resource have an unrecorded relationship to the boundaries of the appropriation resource. The boundaries of the production resource have a relationship to the boundaries of the distribution resource that was not indicated in this case study.
LOCATION:
The appropriation resources are situated on an island off the southwest coast of Korea in the East China Sea and in the coastal waters surrounding the island. The boundaries of the location are defined naturally and institutionally. The boundaries of the island are natural. However, the boundaries of the grounds are rule and technologically defined. The appropriation resource present in this location consists of Myok (seaweed), and Anchovy (coding), as well as bass and snapper. Regarding the use of the irrigation system, there were few adverse affects throughout the entire period in the relationships among appropriation processes.
The system is located within one country. Within this country, the system's location is divided among several general purpose local jurisdictions at the same level. A permanent population lives year round in this location (highly confident). There is not frequent contact and communication between people in this location and officials in a nearby administrative center (inferred). Additionally, the most common mode of transportation in this region is cargo ship. This location is also characterized by an economy that is stable and tied to other economic networks during the entire time period (inferred).
The latitude of this location is not specified, and its longitude is not specified. The elevation of this location is 0 meters. The highest elevation is 0. The lowest elevation of this location is 0. The region's average annual rainfall is . The region's average annual evapotranspiration is . The distribution of rainfall and evapotranspiration per month is as follows:
January precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
February precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
March precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
April precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
May precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
June precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
July precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
August precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
September precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
October precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
November precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
December precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Kagoda anchovy grounds is anchovies. The resource discussed consists of the anchovy grounds surrounding Kagoda Island. Boundaries are based on technological limits - boats can only travel a limited distance offshore.
OPERATIONAL LEVEL:
TYPE OF SITUATION
The processes described in the related documents are primarily related to appropriation alone. The formal owner(s) of the resource discussed in this study is a central government. The set of individuals who have rights to withdraw from this resource is well-defined. As of the beginning of this period, the owners are not exercising nor attempting to exercise closed access to this resource. Since the beginning of this period, the appropriators are not exercising, or attempting to exercise closed access to this resource.
EVENTS MARKING THE BEGINNING ACTION SITUATION
It is estimated that the operational level coded on this form ended in 0. The estimated duration of the patterns that are described in this form is 201 to 300 years. Throughout the duration there were no changes made in operational, collective, or consititutional rules. There was no change in resource size or structure. There was an enhancement of physical capabilities to withdraw units (e.g. introduction of turbine pump) from the resource during the time of this study. There was no substantial external change in the value of the units appropriated. The quantity of units available did not change due to a change in appropriation patterns of other appropriators' withdrawals from the same production or distribution resource. There were no new groups starting to withdraw units from the appropriation resource. There was no recorded change to one or more variables internal to the operational level. The variables that changed were -2. The author does not begin the description of this case at this point in history.
CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF PERIOD COVERED BY THIS FORM*
For biological resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was not included in the case information. For biological resources at the end of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was moderately abundant (educated guess). For physical resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units was not included in the case information. For physical resources at the end of the period the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units, was moderately abundant (educated guess).
The following includes the available statistics on the use of this resource at the beginning of the time period, followed by the end of the time period:
*In fisheries and other biological systems, this is the maximum sustainable number of units. In irrigation, this refers to the optimal water requirements of the crops in the established fields served by this system.
The information about how units are disposed at the beginning of the period is missing in this case.
At the end of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets, and also consumed by appropriators and families.
As of the beginning of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was not included in the study. As of the end of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). At the beginning of the period of the study, there was no information provided regarding whether or not there are problems of pollution in this or other resources, due to the way units are being appropriated. At the end of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources due to the way units are being appropriated (ambiguous). As of the beginning of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was not indicated. As of the end of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was quite low (ambiguous). At the beginning of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location was not recorded in the case information. At the end of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location had no effect on the appropriation resources (educated guess). At the beginning of this period the appropriators shared levels of trust that are not indicated in the case study. At the end of the period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (inferred). ## Unknown markup: Start ##By the end of this period no change had occurred in the property rights regime related to the appropriation resource (educated guess). At the end of this period the owners were not exercising, nor attempting to exercise closed access to this resource (educated guess). At the end of the period the appropriators were not exercising, nor attempting to exercise, closed access to this resource (educated guess).
INFORMATION LEVELS
There is no information in the study to indicate the availability of maps or charts of the appropration resource for use by the appropriators. Maps and/or charts of the production and distribution resources are not available to the appropriators (educated guess). The appropriators of this resource can be seen by each other while withdrawing and delivering units (educated guess). No appropriators are in radio communication with each other while appropriating from the resource (educated guess). There was no information provided to indicate whether or not there are actions being taken, by appropriators or officials, to generate information about the condition of the resource. There are always records of the withdrawals from this resource kept in a systematic way (educated guess). There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the physical factors which directly affected the resource kept in a systematic way. There is no information in the study to indicate whether or not records are kept in a language accessible to most of the appropriators. The case study did not indicate whether or not these records are available for inspection by appropriators. There are arenas being used for the exchange of information about conditions of the resource (ambiguous). Appropriators get together to discuss mutual problems of the resource at a frequency which was not included in the case study. The appropriators have an intimate knowledge of the characteristics of this resource (inferred).
POTENTIAL ACTIONS AND LEVELS OF CONTROL
The quality or quantity of the units available to the appropriators are not documented as having experienced any effect of past appropriators. There are not problems of pollution resulting from activities of others who are not appropriators of this resource or inhabitants of this location (e.g. acid rain, sewage disposal) (educated guess). Most appropriators sell this resource in multiple markets (educated guess). There appears to be an insurance mechanism available to the appropriators related to variability of income from the resource (inferred).
PATTERNS OF INTERACTION
Differences between subgroups relating to gender identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to ethnic identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to clan identification does not affect communication (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to racial identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to religious identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to languages spoken does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to general cultural views of the resource system and its use does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to any problems that affect communication are not included in the case study.
The general manner in which appropriators related to one another during this study is a relatively positive, reciprocal manner -- the presumption was made that long-term relationships are involved and positive actions are undertaken without a specific expectation of return (educated guess). The documents present evidence of specific types of cooperative activities between the appropriators related to other local resources, as well as evidence that the appropriators have a general cultural pattern that stressed various types of cooperative activities besides the management of this resource (educated guess).
POSITIONS AND PARTICIPANTS
At the end of the period studied the position of non-appropriator (individuals prevented from using the resource) did not exist (inferred). At the beginning of the period there was a general estimate of some undocumented number appropriators. There was a general estimate of 101-200 appropriators at the end of the period (educated guess). A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was Less than 25, at the end of the period (inferred). The "official" position of monitor (apart from the willingness of all appropriators to monitor) does not exist (inferred).
NUMBER AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROUPS
There will be 1 subgroup form(s) completed in relation to this operational level form. The ID number(s) of the subgroup(s) coded are as follows: 68.1 - 0 - 0 - 0
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
The study did not indicate whether or not there are appropriators who were consistently disadvantaged in this period. The study did not indicate whether or not the relatively worst off appropriators have or have not been cut out of their benefits from this resource or substantially harmed.
AUTHOR'S EVALUATION AND CAUSAL ASSUMPTIONS
In this coding form the author does not focus on the readers' concept of results and the evaluation of results.
The author discusses withdrawals per unit of effort based on -2
SUBGROUP:
Participants:
This appropriation group are the men of Kagoda Island who fish for anchovy. The criteria for who is a member is well defined (inferred). . This group ended with a estimated membership of 101-200.. Less than 10% of this group is literate in a language that records or publications about this resource and/or location (or other similar resources) is kept (inferred).
The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:
Gender identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Ethnic or cultural identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). The difference in composition with regard to clan identification does not affect communication (highly confident). Racial identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Religious identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). There is no difference in composition with regard to languages spoken (highly confident). The language spoken by most members of the subgroup is Korean.
The appropriation process is organized as a team process consisting of 8 groups.
Legal Rights:
Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (inferred). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (inferred). Rights to participate in management of this resource is held de jure (inferred). Exclusion from use of the entire resource is exercised de jure (inferred). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (inferred).
Stakes and Resources:
The length of time this subgroup has regularly appropriated from this resource is 101 through 200 years (educated guess). Around 91%-100% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource (confident). Most people in this subgroup are moderately dependent (i.e. about half of the family income) on this resource (educated guess). Around 91%-100% of this subgroup work a substantial amount of time in activities not associated with appropriation from this resource (confident). The proportion of this subgroup that currently appropriates similar units from other resources is less than 10% (inferred). Given the economy of the location, the average annual family income (including all non-monetary forms of income) is considered very low (inferred). Capital is owned by 91%-100% of this subgroup (confident). No real alternatives for the supply unit are available (confident).
Potential Actions and Levels of Control:
A noticeable impact on the balance of the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available in this resource would occur in a drastic reduction of this subgroup's appropriation activities (inferred). Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules heavily constrain (ambiguous), time limits which limit the range of choice lightly constrain (educated guess), quantity limits which limit the range of choice lightly constrain (educated guess), and marginal units, or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation, cause unknown contraints.
Technology:
Strategies Adopted:
During this time period members have not invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (educated guess). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has not been made by members (educated guess). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (educated guess). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that almost all of the members follow the rules set in place (ambiguous). No action has been proposed to alter the operational or collective-choice rules affecting the appropriation from this resource (ambiguous).
Subgroup Results:
This subgroup appropriates 91%-100% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (educated guess). By the end of this time period the appropriates from this resource have remained approximately constant (educated guess).
The resource appropriated from Kagoda anchovy grounds is anchovies. The resource discussed consists of the anchovy grounds surrounding Kagoda Island. Boundaries are based on technological limits - boats can only travel a limited distance offshore.
OPERATIONAL LEVEL:
TYPE OF SITUATION
The processes described in the related documents are primarily related to appropriation alone. The formal owner(s) of the resource discussed in this study is a central government. The set of individuals who have rights to withdraw from this resource is well-defined. As of the beginning of this period, the owners are not exercising nor attempting to exercise closed access to this resource. Since the beginning of this period, the appropriators are not exercising, or attempting to exercise closed access to this resource.
EVENTS MARKING THE BEGINNING ACTION SITUATION
It is estimated that the operational level coded on this form ended in 0. The estimated duration of the patterns that are described in this form is 201 to 300 years. Throughout the duration there were no changes made in operational, collective, or consititutional rules. There was no change in resource size or structure. There was an enhancement of physical capabilities to withdraw units (e.g. introduction of turbine pump) from the resource during the time of this study. There was no substantial external change in the value of the units appropriated. The quantity of units available did not change due to a change in appropriation patterns of other appropriators' withdrawals from the same production or distribution resource. There were no new groups starting to withdraw units from the appropriation resource. There was no recorded change to one or more variables internal to the operational level. The variables that changed were -2. The author does not begin the description of this case at this point in history.
CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF PERIOD COVERED BY THIS FORM*
For biological resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was not included in the case information. For biological resources at the end of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was moderately abundant (educated guess). For physical resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units was not included in the case information. For physical resources at the end of the period the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units, was moderately abundant (educated guess).
The following includes the available statistics on the use of this resource at the beginning of the time period, followed by the end of the time period:
*In fisheries and other biological systems, this is the maximum sustainable number of units. In irrigation, this refers to the optimal water requirements of the crops in the established fields served by this system.
The information about how units are disposed at the beginning of the period is missing in this case.
At the end of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets, and also consumed by appropriators and families.
As of the beginning of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was not included in the study. As of the end of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). At the beginning of the period of the study, there was no information provided regarding whether or not there are problems of pollution in this or other resources, due to the way units are being appropriated. At the end of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources due to the way units are being appropriated (ambiguous). As of the beginning of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was not indicated. As of the end of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was quite low (ambiguous). At the beginning of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location was not recorded in the case information. At the end of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location had no effect on the appropriation resources (educated guess). At the beginning of this period the appropriators shared levels of trust that are not indicated in the case study. At the end of the period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (inferred). ## Unknown markup: Start ##By the end of this period no change had occurred in the property rights regime related to the appropriation resource (educated guess). At the end of this period the owners were not exercising, nor attempting to exercise closed access to this resource (educated guess). At the end of the period the appropriators were not exercising, nor attempting to exercise, closed access to this resource (educated guess).
INFORMATION LEVELS
There is no information in the study to indicate the availability of maps or charts of the appropration resource for use by the appropriators. Maps and/or charts of the production and distribution resources are not available to the appropriators (educated guess). The appropriators of this resource can be seen by each other while withdrawing and delivering units (educated guess). No appropriators are in radio communication with each other while appropriating from the resource (educated guess). There was no information provided to indicate whether or not there are actions being taken, by appropriators or officials, to generate information about the condition of the resource. There are always records of the withdrawals from this resource kept in a systematic way (educated guess). There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the physical factors which directly affected the resource kept in a systematic way. There is no information in the study to indicate whether or not records are kept in a language accessible to most of the appropriators. The case study did not indicate whether or not these records are available for inspection by appropriators. There are arenas being used for the exchange of information about conditions of the resource (ambiguous). Appropriators get together to discuss mutual problems of the resource at a frequency which was not included in the case study. The appropriators have an intimate knowledge of the characteristics of this resource (inferred).
POTENTIAL ACTIONS AND LEVELS OF CONTROL
The quality or quantity of the units available to the appropriators are not documented as having experienced any effect of past appropriators. There are not problems of pollution resulting from activities of others who are not appropriators of this resource or inhabitants of this location (e.g. acid rain, sewage disposal) (educated guess). Most appropriators sell this resource in multiple markets (educated guess). There appears to be an insurance mechanism available to the appropriators related to variability of income from the resource (inferred).
PATTERNS OF INTERACTION
Differences between subgroups relating to gender identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to ethnic identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to clan identification does not affect communication (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to racial identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to religious identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to languages spoken does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to general cultural views of the resource system and its use does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to any problems that affect communication are not included in the case study.
The general manner in which appropriators related to one another during this study is a relatively positive, reciprocal manner -- the presumption was made that long-term relationships are involved and positive actions are undertaken without a specific expectation of return (educated guess). The documents present evidence of specific types of cooperative activities between the appropriators related to other local resources, as well as evidence that the appropriators have a general cultural pattern that stressed various types of cooperative activities besides the management of this resource (educated guess).
POSITIONS AND PARTICIPANTS
At the end of the period studied the position of non-appropriator (individuals prevented from using the resource) did not exist (inferred). At the beginning of the period there was a general estimate of some undocumented number appropriators. There was a general estimate of 101-200 appropriators at the end of the period (educated guess). A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was Less than 25, at the end of the period (inferred). The "official" position of monitor (apart from the willingness of all appropriators to monitor) does not exist (inferred).
NUMBER AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROUPS
There will be 1 subgroup form(s) completed in relation to this operational level form. The ID number(s) of the subgroup(s) coded are as follows: 68.1 - 0 - 0 - 0
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
The study did not indicate whether or not there are appropriators who were consistently disadvantaged in this period. The study did not indicate whether or not the relatively worst off appropriators have or have not been cut out of their benefits from this resource or substantially harmed.
AUTHOR'S EVALUATION AND CAUSAL ASSUMPTIONS
In this coding form the author does not focus on the readers' concept of results and the evaluation of results.
The author discusses withdrawals per unit of effort based on -2
SUBGROUP:
Participants:
This appropriation group are the men of Kagoda Island who fish for anchovy. The criteria for who is a member is well defined (inferred). . This group ended with a estimated membership of 101-200.. Less than 10% of this group is literate in a language that records or publications about this resource and/or location (or other similar resources) is kept (inferred).
The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:
Gender identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Ethnic or cultural identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). The difference in composition with regard to clan identification does not affect communication (highly confident). Racial identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). Religious identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). There is no difference in composition with regard to languages spoken (highly confident). The language spoken by most members of the subgroup is Korean.
The appropriation process is organized as a team process consisting of 8 groups.
Legal Rights:
Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (inferred). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (inferred). Rights to participate in management of this resource is held de jure (inferred). Exclusion from use of the entire resource is exercised de jure (inferred). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (inferred).
Stakes and Resources:
The length of time this subgroup has regularly appropriated from this resource is 101 through 200 years (educated guess). Around 91%-100% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource (confident). Most people in this subgroup are moderately dependent (i.e. about half of the family income) on this resource (educated guess). Around 91%-100% of this subgroup work a substantial amount of time in activities not associated with appropriation from this resource (confident). The proportion of this subgroup that currently appropriates similar units from other resources is less than 10% (inferred). Given the economy of the location, the average annual family income (including all non-monetary forms of income) is considered very low (inferred). Capital is owned by 91%-100% of this subgroup (confident). No real alternatives for the supply unit are available (confident).
Potential Actions and Levels of Control:
A noticeable impact on the balance of the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available in this resource would occur in a drastic reduction of this subgroup's appropriation activities (inferred). Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules heavily constrain (ambiguous), time limits which limit the range of choice lightly constrain (educated guess), quantity limits which limit the range of choice lightly constrain (educated guess), and marginal units, or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation, cause unknown contraints.
Technology:
Strategies Adopted:
During this time period members have not invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (educated guess). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has not been made by members (educated guess). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (educated guess). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that almost all of the members follow the rules set in place (ambiguous). No action has been proposed to alter the operational or collective-choice rules affecting the appropriation from this resource (ambiguous).
Subgroup Results:
This subgroup appropriates 91%-100% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (educated guess). By the end of this time period the appropriates from this resource have remained approximately constant (educated guess).
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Kagoda anchovy grounds is anchovies. The resource discussed consists of the anchovy grounds surrounding Kagoda Island. Boundaries are based on technological limits - boats can only travel a limited distance offshore.
OPERATIONAL RULES:
Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanism. Concerning regional collective choice, the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by regional collective choice mechanisms, however a regional level of government does exist.
With regard to local collective choice, a level of government or organization of appropriators exists at the location and the author provides a few detailed references about operational level rules as devised by collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below.
Boundary Rules
The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a country. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a major subdivision of a country. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring citizenship or residence of a local community. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring ownership or leasing of land in the location of the resource. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to be of a certain gender. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring use of a particular technology. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
Authority and Scope Rules
The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.
The following paragraphs include information on rules of 1 cycle(s).
Authority Rules:
There is a rule permitting withdrawal whenever and wherever desired, however, the basis criteria for this rule was not included in the case information. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
The authority and scope rules do not apply to whether or not certain subgroups received substantially unequal privileges, because there is only one subgroup.
Scope Rules:
There is a rule requiring a periodically assessed appropriation tax, based on the quantity of units withdrawn. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
Information Rules
Payoff Rules
The default condition, that all appropriators can retain whatever they can physically keep hold of and no external rewards, taxes, or sanctions are imposed is not imposed in this case. The authors have the following confidence level for the results of this section: inferred. Appropriators are not party to price support contracts or guaranteed purchase agreements for the selling of resource units or commodities produced by resource units.
There is a single arrangement by which the appropriation process is organized by teams.The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.
Owner(s) - operators(s) of primary appropriation equipment:
32.5%
Owner(s) (non-operator(s)) of supplementary appropriation equipment:
26.25%
Crew with special assets (including non-owner captain):
11.25%
Regular crew (each):
30%
Aggregation Rules
Overall Questions About Rules Configuration
The resource appropriated from Kagoda anchovy grounds is anchovies. The resource discussed consists of the anchovy grounds surrounding Kagoda Island. Boundaries are based on technological limits - boats can only travel a limited distance offshore.
OPERATIONAL RULES:
Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanism. Concerning regional collective choice, the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by regional collective choice mechanisms, however a regional level of government does exist.
With regard to local collective choice, a level of government or organization of appropriators exists at the location and the author provides a few detailed references about operational level rules as devised by collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below.
Boundary Rules
The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a country. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a major subdivision of a country. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring citizenship or residence of a local community. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring ownership or leasing of land in the location of the resource. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to be of a certain gender. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring use of a particular technology. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
Authority and Scope Rules
The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.
The following paragraphs include information on rules of 1 cycle(s).
Authority Rules:
There is a rule permitting withdrawal whenever and wherever desired, however, the basis criteria for this rule was not included in the case information. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
The authority and scope rules do not apply to whether or not certain subgroups received substantially unequal privileges, because there is only one subgroup.
Scope Rules:
There is a rule requiring a periodically assessed appropriation tax, based on the quantity of units withdrawn. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
Information Rules
Payoff Rules
The default condition, that all appropriators can retain whatever they can physically keep hold of and no external rewards, taxes, or sanctions are imposed is not imposed in this case. The authors have the following confidence level for the results of this section: inferred. Appropriators are not party to price support contracts or guaranteed purchase agreements for the selling of resource units or commodities produced by resource units.
There is a single arrangement by which the appropriation process is organized by teams.The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.
Owner(s) - operators(s) of primary appropriation equipment:
32.5%
Owner(s) (non-operator(s)) of supplementary appropriation equipment:
26.25%
Crew with special assets (including non-owner captain):
11.25%
Regular crew (each):
30%
Aggregation Rules
Overall Questions About Rules Configuration
Gageo-do Anchovy Grounds
Resource System
Anchovies. The anchovies start to shoal up on the island of Gageo-do during the first summer tide in July.
Resource Users
Fishermen (total population 1540 on Kagodo)
Public Infrastructure Providers
Fishermen's Cooperatives
Public Infrastructure
(none specified)Relationship 1
Fish migration, plant development, and seasonal availability of flora and fauna all have an impact on how the labor force is dispersed yearly. There are three distinct seasons in terms of product activity: the springtime seaweed and shell collection season, the summertime anchovy fishing season, and the falltime mixed fishing season.
Relationship 2
Government subsidies, loans and investments to increase fishermen's incomes and productive capacity Gageo-do islanders are excluded from government policy decisions
Relationship 3
Government develops policy
Relationship 4
(none specified)Relationship 5
(none specified)Relationship 6
(none specified)Exogenous Drivers 7 (Resource System)
Strong winds and currents threaten small boats seasonally Geographic isolation from markets
Exogenous Drivers 7 (Public Infrastructure)
(none specified)Exogenous Drivers 8 (Resource Users)
Low prices in export markets resulting in poverty among fishermen Service costs due to isolation of Gageo-do result in lower product selling prices and higher product purchasing prices Monopolistic, sometimes exploitative trading partnership with middlemen Population growth
Exogenous Drivers 8 (Public Infrastructure Providers)
(none specified)Human Infrastructure, Private and Human-Made (Resource Users)
Anchovy and other fishing operations were individual team activities and not communal by nature. Unlike those for gathering seaweed and shells, these fishing methods and techniques have been improved upon on an individual basis.
Human Infrastructure, Private and Human-Made (Public Infrastructure Providers)
(none specified)Schlager E, University of Arizona.
Anderies JM, Arizona State University.
Kim S, Arizona State University.
. 1972. Socioeconomic Organization and Change in Korean Fishing Villages: A Comparative Study of Three Fishing Communities. Michigan State University. PhD