- Resource System
- Coastal marine ecosystem
- Resource Units
- Demersal fish stocks
- Location
- Nova Scotia, Canada
The Pagesville Fishery of Port Lameron Harbor is located on the southern edge of Nova Scotia, Canada. The physical boundaries are consistent with the boundaries of islands and harbors while the institutional boundaries are based on customary usage. The resource units appropriated include lobster and demersal fish. The fishermen cooperate to control access to and appropriation from the resource system. Inshore fishing (mixed finfish and lobster) is the economic mainstay. Pagesville fishers often share bait and fishing information with others from their port (but not usually with outsiders) because cooperation enhances an individual's chance of obtaining a larger catch. The use of new technologies such as depth finders enabled increased catches which appeared to be stressing the resource. Nevertheless, a collaborative spirit prevailed among Pagesville fishers, who willingly share bait and fishing information with others from their port (outsiders, however, are not treated so generously) because cooperation and ties with the collective enhance an individual's chances at a good day's fishing. Sanctions include a bad reputation, loss of economic and communication ties, and treatment as an economic outsider. This case was part of the original CPR database developed in the 1980s by Edella Schlager and Shui Yan Tang at Indiana University. The original CPR report can be found under the CPR tab in the Institutional Analysis section below. Since the original institutional analysis, this case has been revisited by the authors (see the Port Lameron Lobster Fishery II here).
The resource appropriated from Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery is demersal fish. The resource discussed in the following study is the Pagesville fishing grounds (p.13 for map). The boundary is natural and artifactual; it includes harbors and islands, but is also based on customary usage.
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery is demersal fish. The resource discussed in the following study is the Pagesville fishing grounds (p.13 for map). The boundary is natural and artifactual; it includes harbors and islands, but is also based on customary usage.
SCREENER:
Case: Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery, Canada
The information regarding the following common-pool resource system was taken from empirical evidence from a field setting. Data on the system was extracted from a thesis or dissertation. Currently, there are no additional documents to cite which may provide further information about this common-pool resource.
These documents describe two resources in detail. The primary resource is the Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery, situated in Port Lameron - Pagesville of Canada. More generally, it is located in North America. The system's sector is that of fisheries. Relatively good information has been collected about the stakes of participants who appropriate from Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery. The condition of this resource is well understood. Complete information is available regarding the strategies used by key groups interacting with the system. There is thorough documentation of the operational rules for this resource. This is the result of a high level of confidence that the authors who recorded the features of Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery have a complete knowledge of its particulars. Furthermore, the authors have provided sufficient data to formulate a structured coding process.
There are 25-50 total appropriator teams appropriating from the resource . At the beginning of the period discussed by the authors, there was a moderately abundant supply of biological and physical resources withdrawn compared to the number of units available. Appropriator teams for the resource are sometimes formally organized.
The fisheries of Port Lameron Harbor on the southern edge of Nova Scotia include lobster and demersal fish. The fishermen cooperate to control access to and appropriation from both of these resources. Pagesville (pseudonym) is a small coastal village near Port Lameron and Cape Sable Island; inshore fishing (mixed finfish and lobster) is the economic mainstay. Because gear such as depth finders has increased the fishers' knowledge of their fishing/lobstering grounds, they are now able to find more fish/lobsters and the resource is under some stress. Nevertheless, a collaborative spirit prevails among Pagesville fishers, who willingly share bait and fishing information with others from their port (outsiders, however, are not treated so generously), because cooperation and ties with the collectivity enhance an individual's chances at a good day's fishing. Sanctions include a bad reputation, loss of economic and communication ties, treatment as an economic outsider. Territoriality exists and, Davis posits, it is a function of fluctuating ecological relationships which determine the occurrence and abundance of species the market considers important.
CITATION(S):
Davis, Anthony (1984) "Property Rights and Access Management in the Small Boat Fishery: A Case Study from Southwest Nova Scotia." In ATLANTIC FISHERIES AND COASTAL COMMUNITIES: FISHERIES DECISION-MAKING CASE STUDIES, edited by Cynthia Lamson and Arthur J. Hanson, 133-164. Halifax: Dalhousie Ocean Studies Programme.
Davis, Adam F. A. (1975) THE ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION AND MARKET RELATIONS IN A NOVA SCOTIAN INSHORE FISHING COMMUNITY. University of Manitoba Anthropology Papers No. 16. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Department of Anthropology. [ILL: University of Manitoba; HD 8039 .F66 C23]*
The resource appropriated from Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery is demersal fish. The resource discussed in the following study is the Pagesville fishing grounds (p.13 for map). The boundary is natural and artifactual; it includes harbors and islands, but is also based on customary usage.
SCREENER:
Case: Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery, Canada
The information regarding the following common-pool resource system was taken from empirical evidence from a field setting. Data on the system was extracted from a thesis or dissertation. Currently, there are no additional documents to cite which may provide further information about this common-pool resource.
These documents describe two resources in detail. The primary resource is the Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery, situated in Port Lameron - Pagesville of Canada. More generally, it is located in North America. The system's sector is that of fisheries. Relatively good information has been collected about the stakes of participants who appropriate from Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery. The condition of this resource is well understood. Complete information is available regarding the strategies used by key groups interacting with the system. There is thorough documentation of the operational rules for this resource. This is the result of a high level of confidence that the authors who recorded the features of Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery have a complete knowledge of its particulars. Furthermore, the authors have provided sufficient data to formulate a structured coding process.
There are 25-50 total appropriator teams appropriating from the resource . At the beginning of the period discussed by the authors, there was a moderately abundant supply of biological and physical resources withdrawn compared to the number of units available. Appropriator teams for the resource are sometimes formally organized.
The fisheries of Port Lameron Harbor on the southern edge of Nova Scotia include lobster and demersal fish. The fishermen cooperate to control access to and appropriation from both of these resources. Pagesville (pseudonym) is a small coastal village near Port Lameron and Cape Sable Island; inshore fishing (mixed finfish and lobster) is the economic mainstay. Because gear such as depth finders has increased the fishers' knowledge of their fishing/lobstering grounds, they are now able to find more fish/lobsters and the resource is under some stress. Nevertheless, a collaborative spirit prevails among Pagesville fishers, who willingly share bait and fishing information with others from their port (outsiders, however, are not treated so generously), because cooperation and ties with the collectivity enhance an individual's chances at a good day's fishing. Sanctions include a bad reputation, loss of economic and communication ties, treatment as an economic outsider. Territoriality exists and, Davis posits, it is a function of fluctuating ecological relationships which determine the occurrence and abundance of species the market considers important.
CITATION(S):
Davis, Anthony (1984) "Property Rights and Access Management in the Small Boat Fishery: A Case Study from Southwest Nova Scotia." In ATLANTIC FISHERIES AND COASTAL COMMUNITIES: FISHERIES DECISION-MAKING CASE STUDIES, edited by Cynthia Lamson and Arthur J. Hanson, 133-164. Halifax: Dalhousie Ocean Studies Programme.
Davis, Adam F. A. (1975) THE ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION AND MARKET RELATIONS IN A NOVA SCOTIAN INSHORE FISHING COMMUNITY. University of Manitoba Anthropology Papers No. 16. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Department of Anthropology. [ILL: University of Manitoba; HD 8039 .F66 C23]*
RESOURCE INFO:
The resource appropriated from Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery is demersal fish. It is produced biologically and is a renewable moving (fugitive) unit. The resource discussed in the following study is the Pagesville fishing grounds (p.13 for map). The boundary is natural and artifactual; it includes harbors and islands, but is also based on customary usage.
The boundary of this resource has natural/constructed and institutional arrangements which do not limit entry. The boundaries of this resource are smaller than the location, and exist in one country, and are not divided among multiple general purpose local jurisdictions at a single level. The boundaries of this resource are independent of a development project designed by non-residents.
There are distinct and stable micro-environmental or ecological zones within this resource (inferred). The quality and/or quantity of units is regularly better in some of the zones than in others (inferred). The case information did not indicate whether or not a variance in quality between zones has ever created conflict among appropriators.
There are natural barriers within the resource but they do not coincide with microzones (educated guess). There are not strategic points within the resource where the main flow of the demersal fish can be controlled (inferred). There is considerable, and predictable variation over space in the availability of demersal fish within the resource (inferred). There is considerable, and predictable variation in the flow of demersal fish within a single year (inferred). There is considerable, but unpredictable variation in the flow of demersal fish from year to year (inferred).
The bottom topography of Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery is primarily gravel (educated guess).
If no rules in use were being followed, the relationship among the appropriation processes would have conflictual effects (educated guess).
The boundaries of the production resource do not coincide with the boundaries of the location. Rather, the location is within the boundaries of the appropriation resource (educated guess). The boundaries of the production resource partially overlap the boundaries of the location, but the two boundaries are not equivalent (educated guess). The boundaries of the distribution resource are not identical to the boundaries of the appropriation resource, but appropriation is within the boundaries of distribution (educated guess). The boundaries of the production resource are roughly equivalent to the boundaries of the distribution resource (inferred).
LOCATION:
The appropriation resources are situated in the villages of "Pagesville", "Brazil", "East Brazil" and "West Brazil", the Pagesvillle harbor and the fishing grounds that extend to the Half Moons to the northeast, the Brazil Rocks to the south, and the Bantam Rocks to the west. The boundaries of the location are both natural and institutional including villages and customary boundaries in the water and natural harbors and islands. The appropriation resource present in this location consists of demersal fish - haddock, cod, pollack (coding), as well as lobster.
The system is located within one country. Within this country, the system's location is not divided among several general purpose local jurisdictions at the same level. A permanent population lives year round in this location (highly confident). There is frequent contact and communication between people in this location and officials in a nearby administrative center (ambiguous). This location is also characterized by an economy that is stable and tied to other economic networks during the entire time period (educated guess).
The latitude of this location is not specified, and its longitude is not specified. The elevation of this location is 0 meters. The highest elevation is 0. The lowest elevation of this location is 0. The region's average annual rainfall is . The region's average annual evapotranspiration is . The distribution of rainfall and evapotranspiration per month is as follows:
January precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
February precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
March precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
April precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
May precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
June precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
July precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
August precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
September precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
October precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
November precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
December precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
The resource appropriated from Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery is demersal fish. It is produced biologically and is a renewable moving (fugitive) unit. The resource discussed in the following study is the Pagesville fishing grounds (p.13 for map). The boundary is natural and artifactual; it includes harbors and islands, but is also based on customary usage.
The boundary of this resource has natural/constructed and institutional arrangements which do not limit entry. The boundaries of this resource are smaller than the location, and exist in one country, and are not divided among multiple general purpose local jurisdictions at a single level. The boundaries of this resource are independent of a development project designed by non-residents.
There are distinct and stable micro-environmental or ecological zones within this resource (inferred). The quality and/or quantity of units is regularly better in some of the zones than in others (inferred). The case information did not indicate whether or not a variance in quality between zones has ever created conflict among appropriators.
There are natural barriers within the resource but they do not coincide with microzones (educated guess). There are not strategic points within the resource where the main flow of the demersal fish can be controlled (inferred). There is considerable, and predictable variation over space in the availability of demersal fish within the resource (inferred). There is considerable, and predictable variation in the flow of demersal fish within a single year (inferred). There is considerable, but unpredictable variation in the flow of demersal fish from year to year (inferred).
The bottom topography of Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery is primarily gravel (educated guess).
If no rules in use were being followed, the relationship among the appropriation processes would have conflictual effects (educated guess).
The boundaries of the production resource do not coincide with the boundaries of the location. Rather, the location is within the boundaries of the appropriation resource (educated guess). The boundaries of the production resource partially overlap the boundaries of the location, but the two boundaries are not equivalent (educated guess). The boundaries of the distribution resource are not identical to the boundaries of the appropriation resource, but appropriation is within the boundaries of distribution (educated guess). The boundaries of the production resource are roughly equivalent to the boundaries of the distribution resource (inferred).
LOCATION:
The appropriation resources are situated in the villages of "Pagesville", "Brazil", "East Brazil" and "West Brazil", the Pagesvillle harbor and the fishing grounds that extend to the Half Moons to the northeast, the Brazil Rocks to the south, and the Bantam Rocks to the west. The boundaries of the location are both natural and institutional including villages and customary boundaries in the water and natural harbors and islands. The appropriation resource present in this location consists of demersal fish - haddock, cod, pollack (coding), as well as lobster.
The system is located within one country. Within this country, the system's location is not divided among several general purpose local jurisdictions at the same level. A permanent population lives year round in this location (highly confident). There is frequent contact and communication between people in this location and officials in a nearby administrative center (ambiguous). This location is also characterized by an economy that is stable and tied to other economic networks during the entire time period (educated guess).
The latitude of this location is not specified, and its longitude is not specified. The elevation of this location is 0 meters. The highest elevation is 0. The lowest elevation of this location is 0. The region's average annual rainfall is . The region's average annual evapotranspiration is . The distribution of rainfall and evapotranspiration per month is as follows:
January precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
February precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
March precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
April precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
May precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
June precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
July precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
August precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
September precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
October precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
November precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
December precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery is demersal fish. The resource discussed in the following study is the Pagesville fishing grounds (p.13 for map). The boundary is natural and artifactual; it includes harbors and islands, but is also based on customary usage.
OPERATIONAL LEVEL:
TYPE OF SITUATION
The processes described in the related documents are primarily related to appropriation alone. The formal owner(s) of the resource discussed in this study is a central government. The set of individuals who have rights to withdraw from this resource is well-defined. As of the beginning of this period, the owners are not indicated as either attempting, or failing to attempt to exercise access to this resource. Since the beginning of this period, the appropriators are exercising (or attempting to exercise de facto) closed access to this resource.
EVENTS MARKING THE BEGINNING ACTION SITUATION
It is estimated that the operational level coded on this form ended in 0. The estimated duration of the patterns that are described in this form is 26 to 50 years. Throughout the duration there was change made primarily by an external authority in operational, collective, or consititutional rules. There was no change in resource size or structure. There was no new technology introduced to the system over the duration of the patterns coded on this form. There was no substantial external change in the value of the units appropriated. The quantity of units available did not change due to a change in appropriation patterns of other appropriators' withdrawals from the same production or distribution resource. There were no new groups starting to withdraw units from the appropriation resource. There was no recorded change to one or more variables internal to the operational level. The variables that changed were -2. The author does not begin the description of this case at this point in history.
CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF PERIOD COVERED BY THIS FORM*
For biological resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was not included in the case information. For biological resources at the end of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was a moderate shortage (inferred). For physical resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units was not included in the case information. For physical resources at the end of the period the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units, was a moderate shortage (inferred).
The following includes the available statistics on the use of this resource at the beginning of the time period, followed by the end of the time period:
It is not indicated whether or not the units were sexually mature at this size or age at the beginning of this period. It is not indicated whether or not the units were sexually mature at this size or age at the end of this period.
*In fisheries and other biological systems, this is the maximum sustainable number of units. In irrigation, this refers to the optimal water requirements of the crops in the established fields served by this system.
At the beginning of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets.
At the end of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets.
As of the beginning of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). As of the end of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). At the beginning of the period of the study, there was no information provided regarding whether or not there are problems of pollution in this or other resources, due to the way units are being appropriated. At the end of the period of the study, there was no information provided in the case study regarding whether or not there are problems of pollution in this or other resources due to the way units are appropriated. As of the beginning of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was not indicated. As of the end of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was relatively low (educated guess). At the beginning of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location was not recorded in the case information. At the end of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location was not recorded in the case information. At the beginning of this period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (inferred). At the end of the period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (inferred). ## Unknown markup: Start ##By the end of this period no change had occurred in the property rights regime related to the appropriation resource (inferred). At the end of this period the owners were not exercising, nor attempting to exercise closed access to this resource (educated guess). At the end of the period the appropriators were exercising, or attempting to exercise, de facto closed access to this resource (educated guess).
INFORMATION LEVELS
There is no information in the study to indicate the availability of maps or charts of the appropration resource for use by the appropriators. Maps and/or charts of the production and distribution resources are not documented as being available, or unavailable in this case study. The appropriators of this resource can be seen by each other while withdrawing and delivering units (highly confident). Most appropriators are in radio communication with each other while appropriating from the resource (highly confident). There was no information provided to indicate whether or not there are actions being taken, by appropriators or officials, to generate information about the condition of the resource. There are always records of the withdrawals from this resource kept in a systematic way (highly confident). There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the physical factors which directly affected the resource kept in a systematic way. Records are kept in a language accessible to most of the appropriators (highly confident). The keepers of these records are officials at some level (highly confident). These records are available for inspection by appropriators (highly confident). There are arenas being used for the exchange of information about conditions of the resource (highly confident). Appropriators get together to discuss mutual problems of the resource daily (highly confident). The appropriators have an intimate knowledge of the characteristics of this resource (highly confident).
POTENTIAL ACTIONS AND LEVELS OF CONTROL
The quality or quantity of the units available to the appropriators are adversely affected by the strategies of prior appropriators (educated guess). This study did not include information on whether or not there are problems of pollution resulting from activities of others who are not appropriators of this resource or inhabitants of this location (e.g. acid rain, sewage disposal). Almost all appropriators sell this resource in one market (highly confident). There appears to be an insurance mechanism available to the appropriators related to variability of income from the resource (highly confident).
PATTERNS OF INTERACTION
Differences between subgroups relating to gender identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to racial identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to religious identification are not included in the case study. Differences between subgroups relating to languages spoken does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to general cultural views of the resource system and its use does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to any problems that affect communication are not included in the case study.
The general manner in which appropriators related to one another during this study is a relatively positive, reciprocal manner -- the presumption was made that long-term relationships are involved and positive actions are undertaken without a specific expectation of return (highly confident). The documents present evidence of specific types of cooperative activities between the appropriators related primarily to other local resources (highly confident). If someone violated the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is likely that he/she would encounter social sanctions imposed by other appropriators (who are not filling posititions as official monitors) (educated guess). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is likely that he/she would encounter physical sanctions by other appropriators (who are not filling posititions as official monitors) (educated guess). There is a moderate range of sanctions imposed depending on rule infractions and in regard to social, physical, and official sanctions (educated guess).
POSITIONS AND PARTICIPANTS
At the end of the period studied the position of non-appropriator (individuals prevented from using the resource) did not exist (inferred). At the beginning of the period there was a general estimate of some undocumented number appropriators. There was a general estimate of 25-50 appropriators at the end of the period (highly confident). A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was not included in the case study, at the beginning of the period. A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was 25-50, at the end of the period (highly confident). The "official" position of monitor (apart from the willingness of all appropriators to monitor) is not described in detail in this case study.
The appropriators monitor the appropriation activities of each other apart from the monitoring of any "official" guards. The general estimate for the number of official monitors on duty at one time during peak hours was not included in this case study. The study did not indicate how many of the monitors were full-time.
NUMBER AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROUPS
There will be 1 subgroup form(s) completed in relation to this operational level form. The ID number(s) of the subgroup(s) coded are as follows: 90.1 - 0 - 0 - 0
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
The study did not indicate whether or not there are appropriators who were consistently disadvantaged in this period. The study did not indicate whether or not the relatively worst off appropriators have or have not been cut out of their benefits from this resource or substantially harmed.
AUTHOR'S EVALUATION AND CAUSAL ASSUMPTIONS
In this coding form the author does not focus on the readers' concept of results and the evaluation of results (educated guess).
The authors results include information on the ownership of equipment, marketing monopolies, the number of fishers in relation to resource, fishers becoming prolitariat, government regulations, marketing structures, and physical characteristics of the resource. The author does not capture the concepts of the results.
SUBGROUP:
Participants:
This appropriation group are the men who use either longlines or handlines to catch demersal fish. The criteria for who is a member is well defined (inferred). . This group ended with a membership of 33 (highly confident). An estimated 91%-100% of this group is literate in a language that records or publications about this resource and/or location (or other similar resources) is kept (confident).
The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:
Gender identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). There is no difference in composition with regard to languages spoken (highly confident). The language spoken by most members of the subgroup is English.
The appropriation process is organized as a team process consisting of 22 groups.
Legal Rights:
Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (inferred). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (inferred). Rights to participate in management of this resource is held de facto (educated guess). Exclusion from use of the entire resource is exercised de facto (educated guess). Members of this subgroup have de facto rights to decide who can be excluded from particular zones within the resource. (educated guess). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (educated guess). The separable rights to exercise transfer to shares of this appropriation resource, or closely related production and/or distribution resources are neither held de jure nor de facto (educated guess). Transferring shares of major appropriation equipment which are necessary to engage in appropriation is not exercised either je jure nor de facto## Unknown column: EQUIPSHAR ##.
Stakes and Resources:
The length of time this subgroup has regularly appropriated from this resource is 101 through 200 years (educated guess). Around 91%-100% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource (highly confident). Given the assets of members, the capital required to set up an appropriation team places pressure upon the appropriators to get immediate returns from appropriation (inferred). Most people in this subgroup are moderately dependent (i.e. about half of the family income) on this resource (inferred). Around 91%-100% of this subgroup work a substantial amount of time in activities not associated with appropriation from this resource (confident). The variance of the average annual family income across families is low (inferred). Capital is owned by 91%-100% of this subgroup (highly confident). Alternatives for the supply unit are available at a moderate cost (educated guess).
Potential Actions and Levels of Control:
A noticeable impact on the balance of the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available in this resource would occur in a drastic reduction of this subgroup's appropriation activities (inferred). Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules cause unknown contraints, time limit rules cause unknown contraints, quantity rules cause unknown contraints, marginal units, or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation, cause unknown contraints.
Technology:
The most recent technological change experienced by this subgroup was 26-50 years ago (educated guess). (educated guess). The appropriative power of the technology used threatens the balance between units withdrawn and units available even if no new users are added (inferred).
Strategies Adopted:
At the end of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant (educated guess). During this time period members have not invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (inferred). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has not been made by members (inferred). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (educated guess). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that almost all of the members follow the rules set in place (inferred). Attempting to alter the behavior of appropriators, members of this group have threatened or actually used violence to enforce compliance with existing rules.
Subgroup Results:
This subgroup appropriates 91%-100% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (confident). By the end of this time period the appropriates from this resource have remained approximately constant (inferred).
The resource appropriated from Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery is demersal fish. The resource discussed in the following study is the Pagesville fishing grounds (p.13 for map). The boundary is natural and artifactual; it includes harbors and islands, but is also based on customary usage.
OPERATIONAL LEVEL:
TYPE OF SITUATION
The processes described in the related documents are primarily related to appropriation alone. The formal owner(s) of the resource discussed in this study is a central government. The set of individuals who have rights to withdraw from this resource is well-defined. As of the beginning of this period, the owners are not indicated as either attempting, or failing to attempt to exercise access to this resource. Since the beginning of this period, the appropriators are exercising (or attempting to exercise de facto) closed access to this resource.
EVENTS MARKING THE BEGINNING ACTION SITUATION
It is estimated that the operational level coded on this form ended in 0. The estimated duration of the patterns that are described in this form is 26 to 50 years. Throughout the duration there was change made primarily by an external authority in operational, collective, or consititutional rules. There was no change in resource size or structure. There was no new technology introduced to the system over the duration of the patterns coded on this form. There was no substantial external change in the value of the units appropriated. The quantity of units available did not change due to a change in appropriation patterns of other appropriators' withdrawals from the same production or distribution resource. There were no new groups starting to withdraw units from the appropriation resource. There was no recorded change to one or more variables internal to the operational level. The variables that changed were -2. The author does not begin the description of this case at this point in history.
CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF PERIOD COVERED BY THIS FORM*
For biological resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was not included in the case information. For biological resources at the end of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was a moderate shortage (inferred). For physical resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units was not included in the case information. For physical resources at the end of the period the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units, was a moderate shortage (inferred).
The following includes the available statistics on the use of this resource at the beginning of the time period, followed by the end of the time period:
It is not indicated whether or not the units were sexually mature at this size or age at the beginning of this period. It is not indicated whether or not the units were sexually mature at this size or age at the end of this period.
*In fisheries and other biological systems, this is the maximum sustainable number of units. In irrigation, this refers to the optimal water requirements of the crops in the established fields served by this system.
At the beginning of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets.
At the end of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets.
As of the beginning of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). As of the end of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). At the beginning of the period of the study, there was no information provided regarding whether or not there are problems of pollution in this or other resources, due to the way units are being appropriated. At the end of the period of the study, there was no information provided in the case study regarding whether or not there are problems of pollution in this or other resources due to the way units are appropriated. As of the beginning of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was not indicated. As of the end of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was relatively low (educated guess). At the beginning of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location was not recorded in the case information. At the end of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location was not recorded in the case information. At the beginning of this period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (inferred). At the end of the period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (inferred). ## Unknown markup: Start ##By the end of this period no change had occurred in the property rights regime related to the appropriation resource (inferred). At the end of this period the owners were not exercising, nor attempting to exercise closed access to this resource (educated guess). At the end of the period the appropriators were exercising, or attempting to exercise, de facto closed access to this resource (educated guess).
INFORMATION LEVELS
There is no information in the study to indicate the availability of maps or charts of the appropration resource for use by the appropriators. Maps and/or charts of the production and distribution resources are not documented as being available, or unavailable in this case study. The appropriators of this resource can be seen by each other while withdrawing and delivering units (highly confident). Most appropriators are in radio communication with each other while appropriating from the resource (highly confident). There was no information provided to indicate whether or not there are actions being taken, by appropriators or officials, to generate information about the condition of the resource. There are always records of the withdrawals from this resource kept in a systematic way (highly confident). There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the physical factors which directly affected the resource kept in a systematic way. Records are kept in a language accessible to most of the appropriators (highly confident). The keepers of these records are officials at some level (highly confident). These records are available for inspection by appropriators (highly confident). There are arenas being used for the exchange of information about conditions of the resource (highly confident). Appropriators get together to discuss mutual problems of the resource daily (highly confident). The appropriators have an intimate knowledge of the characteristics of this resource (highly confident).
POTENTIAL ACTIONS AND LEVELS OF CONTROL
The quality or quantity of the units available to the appropriators are adversely affected by the strategies of prior appropriators (educated guess). This study did not include information on whether or not there are problems of pollution resulting from activities of others who are not appropriators of this resource or inhabitants of this location (e.g. acid rain, sewage disposal). Almost all appropriators sell this resource in one market (highly confident). There appears to be an insurance mechanism available to the appropriators related to variability of income from the resource (highly confident).
PATTERNS OF INTERACTION
Differences between subgroups relating to gender identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to racial identification does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to religious identification are not included in the case study. Differences between subgroups relating to languages spoken does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to general cultural views of the resource system and its use does not exist (highly confident). Differences between subgroups relating to any problems that affect communication are not included in the case study.
The general manner in which appropriators related to one another during this study is a relatively positive, reciprocal manner -- the presumption was made that long-term relationships are involved and positive actions are undertaken without a specific expectation of return (highly confident). The documents present evidence of specific types of cooperative activities between the appropriators related primarily to other local resources (highly confident). If someone violated the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is likely that he/she would encounter social sanctions imposed by other appropriators (who are not filling posititions as official monitors) (educated guess). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is likely that he/she would encounter physical sanctions by other appropriators (who are not filling posititions as official monitors) (educated guess). There is a moderate range of sanctions imposed depending on rule infractions and in regard to social, physical, and official sanctions (educated guess).
POSITIONS AND PARTICIPANTS
At the end of the period studied the position of non-appropriator (individuals prevented from using the resource) did not exist (inferred). At the beginning of the period there was a general estimate of some undocumented number appropriators. There was a general estimate of 25-50 appropriators at the end of the period (highly confident). A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was not included in the case study, at the beginning of the period. A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was 25-50, at the end of the period (highly confident). The "official" position of monitor (apart from the willingness of all appropriators to monitor) is not described in detail in this case study.
The appropriators monitor the appropriation activities of each other apart from the monitoring of any "official" guards. The general estimate for the number of official monitors on duty at one time during peak hours was not included in this case study. The study did not indicate how many of the monitors were full-time.
NUMBER AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROUPS
There will be 1 subgroup form(s) completed in relation to this operational level form. The ID number(s) of the subgroup(s) coded are as follows: 90.1 - 0 - 0 - 0
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
The study did not indicate whether or not there are appropriators who were consistently disadvantaged in this period. The study did not indicate whether or not the relatively worst off appropriators have or have not been cut out of their benefits from this resource or substantially harmed.
AUTHOR'S EVALUATION AND CAUSAL ASSUMPTIONS
In this coding form the author does not focus on the readers' concept of results and the evaluation of results (educated guess).
The authors results include information on the ownership of equipment, marketing monopolies, the number of fishers in relation to resource, fishers becoming prolitariat, government regulations, marketing structures, and physical characteristics of the resource. The author does not capture the concepts of the results.
SUBGROUP:
Participants:
This appropriation group are the men who use either longlines or handlines to catch demersal fish. The criteria for who is a member is well defined (inferred). . This group ended with a membership of 33 (highly confident). An estimated 91%-100% of this group is literate in a language that records or publications about this resource and/or location (or other similar resources) is kept (confident).
The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:
Gender identification causes no difference in composition (highly confident). There is no difference in composition with regard to languages spoken (highly confident). The language spoken by most members of the subgroup is English.
The appropriation process is organized as a team process consisting of 22 groups.
Legal Rights:
Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (inferred). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (inferred). Rights to participate in management of this resource is held de facto (educated guess). Exclusion from use of the entire resource is exercised de facto (educated guess). Members of this subgroup have de facto rights to decide who can be excluded from particular zones within the resource. (educated guess). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (educated guess). The separable rights to exercise transfer to shares of this appropriation resource, or closely related production and/or distribution resources are neither held de jure nor de facto (educated guess). Transferring shares of major appropriation equipment which are necessary to engage in appropriation is not exercised either je jure nor de facto## Unknown column: EQUIPSHAR ##.
Stakes and Resources:
The length of time this subgroup has regularly appropriated from this resource is 101 through 200 years (educated guess). Around 91%-100% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource (highly confident). Given the assets of members, the capital required to set up an appropriation team places pressure upon the appropriators to get immediate returns from appropriation (inferred). Most people in this subgroup are moderately dependent (i.e. about half of the family income) on this resource (inferred). Around 91%-100% of this subgroup work a substantial amount of time in activities not associated with appropriation from this resource (confident). The variance of the average annual family income across families is low (inferred). Capital is owned by 91%-100% of this subgroup (highly confident). Alternatives for the supply unit are available at a moderate cost (educated guess).
Potential Actions and Levels of Control:
A noticeable impact on the balance of the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available in this resource would occur in a drastic reduction of this subgroup's appropriation activities (inferred). Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules cause unknown contraints, time limit rules cause unknown contraints, quantity rules cause unknown contraints, marginal units, or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation, cause unknown contraints.
Technology:
The most recent technological change experienced by this subgroup was 26-50 years ago (educated guess). (educated guess). The appropriative power of the technology used threatens the balance between units withdrawn and units available even if no new users are added (inferred).
Strategies Adopted:
At the end of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant (educated guess). During this time period members have not invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (inferred). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has not been made by members (inferred). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (educated guess). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that almost all of the members follow the rules set in place (inferred). Attempting to alter the behavior of appropriators, members of this group have threatened or actually used violence to enforce compliance with existing rules.
Subgroup Results:
This subgroup appropriates 91%-100% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (confident). By the end of this time period the appropriates from this resource have remained approximately constant (inferred).
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery is demersal fish. The resource discussed in the following study is the Pagesville fishing grounds (p.13 for map). The boundary is natural and artifactual; it includes harbors and islands, but is also based on customary usage.
OPERATIONAL RULES:
Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanism. Concerning regional collective choice, the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by regional collective choice mechanisms, however a regional level of government does exist.
With regard to local collective choice, a level of government or organization of appropriators exists at the location and the author provides a few detailed references about operational level rules as devised by collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below.
Boundary Rules
The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a country. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a major subdivision of a country. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring citizenship or residence of a local community. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring membership in an organization. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to be of a certain gender. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring use of a particular technology. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
Authority and Scope Rules
The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.
The following paragraphs include information on rules of 1 cycle(s).
Authority Rules:
There is a rule requiring withdrawal at specific locations or spots, based on the historical pattern of appropriation. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
There is a rule forbidding withdrawal whenever and wherever desired, based on the historical pattern of appropriation. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
The authority and scope rules do not apply to whether or not certain subgroups received substantially unequal privileges, because there is only one subgroup.
Scope Rules:
Information Rules
There exists a rule requiring recording of the number of units withdrawn. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
This information was recorded by a private enterprise.
Payoff Rules
The default condition, that all appropriators can retain whatever they can physically keep hold of and no external rewards, taxes, or sanctions are imposed is not imposed in this case. The authors have the following confidence level for the results of this section: inferred. Severe community shunning is used for an unstated duration of time as a sanction that is consciously imposed on appropriators who break rules related to the appropriation of this resource. Appropriators can obtain external aid from a national (private or public) agency(s) to develop their appropriation technologies. Appropriators are not party to price support contracts or guaranteed purchase agreements for the selling of resource units or commodities produced by resource units.
There is a single arrangement by which the appropriation process is organized by teams.The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.
Owner(s) - operators(s) of primary appropriation equipment:
0.6%
Regular crew (each):
0.4%
Aggregation Rules
Overall Questions About Rules Configuration
The resource appropriated from Port Lameron - Pagesville Finfishery is demersal fish. The resource discussed in the following study is the Pagesville fishing grounds (p.13 for map). The boundary is natural and artifactual; it includes harbors and islands, but is also based on customary usage.
OPERATIONAL RULES:
Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanism. Concerning regional collective choice, the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by regional collective choice mechanisms, however a regional level of government does exist.
With regard to local collective choice, a level of government or organization of appropriators exists at the location and the author provides a few detailed references about operational level rules as devised by collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below.
Boundary Rules
The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a country. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a major subdivision of a country. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring citizenship or residence of a local community. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring membership in an organization. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to be of a certain gender. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring use of a particular technology. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
Authority and Scope Rules
The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.
The following paragraphs include information on rules of 1 cycle(s).
Authority Rules:
There is a rule requiring withdrawal at specific locations or spots, based on the historical pattern of appropriation. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
There is a rule forbidding withdrawal whenever and wherever desired, based on the historical pattern of appropriation. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
The authority and scope rules do not apply to whether or not certain subgroups received substantially unequal privileges, because there is only one subgroup.
Scope Rules:
Information Rules
There exists a rule requiring recording of the number of units withdrawn. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s).
This information was recorded by a private enterprise.
Payoff Rules
The default condition, that all appropriators can retain whatever they can physically keep hold of and no external rewards, taxes, or sanctions are imposed is not imposed in this case. The authors have the following confidence level for the results of this section: inferred. Severe community shunning is used for an unstated duration of time as a sanction that is consciously imposed on appropriators who break rules related to the appropriation of this resource. Appropriators can obtain external aid from a national (private or public) agency(s) to develop their appropriation technologies. Appropriators are not party to price support contracts or guaranteed purchase agreements for the selling of resource units or commodities produced by resource units.
There is a single arrangement by which the appropriation process is organized by teams.The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.
Owner(s) - operators(s) of primary appropriation equipment:
0.6%
Regular crew (each):
0.4%
Aggregation Rules
Overall Questions About Rules Configuration
Port Lameron Before DFO intervention (Before early 1970s)
Resource System
Lobsters, groundfish, herring, mackerel,
Resource Users
Small-scale inshore fishermen
Public Infrastructure Providers
Fishermen are public infrastructure providers
Public Infrastructure
Gentlemen's agreements, which specify territories and fishing bottom to be fished by local fishers using specific technologies
Relationship 1
Resource users switch between species depending on season, prices, and catch rates, and based on a knowledge of migratory patterns and spawning times.
Relationship 2
Rules are discussed and reinforced over citizen band radio at sea and at fishermen's havens
Relationship 3
Fishermen monitor each other and enforce rules using social shaming strategies
Relationship 4
Not applicable
Relationship 5
Infrastructure is responsive to changing conditions. For example, in times of scarcity, outsiders are more rigorously repelled, but in times of abundance, territories are more permeable.
Relationship 6
Low cost of monitoring and sanctioning due to direct relationship between resource users and public infrastructure providers
Exogenous Drivers 7 (Resource System)
Industrialization of the fishing fleet puts increased pressure on resources.
Exogenous Drivers 7 (Public Infrastructure)
Locally specified rules are threatened by government imposition of rules
Exogenous Drivers 8 (Resource Users)
(none specified)Exogenous Drivers 8 (Public Infrastructure Providers)
After the imposition of the 200 mile exclusive economic zone (1977), the government begins to implement strategies to simultaneously increase industrial capacity, while imposing restrictions of fishing activity.
Human Infrastructure, Private and Human-Made (Resource Users)
(none specified)Human Infrastructure, Private and Human-Made (Public Infrastructure Providers)
(none specified)Port Lameron Today (2012)
Resource System
Lobster, groundfish, swordfish and other species
Resource Users
Approximately 91 harvesters
Public Infrastructure Providers
Port Representatives
Fishermen's Associations
Quota Groups
The Department of Fisheries and Oceans
Public Infrastructure
Regulations and quotas
Relationship 1
Decreased abundance of finfish, and increased abundance of lobster
Decreased flexibility of harvesters to switch species in response to environmental or economic change
Dependency on lobster
Relationship 2
Distrust in associations and the DFO
DFO does not recognize customary rules
Lack of participation in decision-making
Relationship 3
Quotas set by DFO
Regulations and decisions made by DFO with limited consultation from Associations and Quota groups
Relationship 4
(none specified)Relationship 5
High-grading and discarding in quota fisheries
Relationship 6
Breakdown of gentlemen's agreements
Zoning of fishing gear-types and targeted species is no longer necessary because inshore fish are scarce
Exogenous Drivers 7 (Resource System)
Changing water temperatures and trophic patterns
Exogenous Drivers 7 (Public Infrastructure)
(none specified)Exogenous Drivers 8 (Resource Users)
Changing prices of lobster and increased prevalence of gluts
Exogenous Drivers 8 (Public Infrastructure Providers)
Federal funding cuts to the DFO requiring downsizing and reduction of services
Human Infrastructure, Private and Human-Made (Resource Users)
(none specified)Human Infrastructure, Private and Human-Made (Public Infrastructure Providers)
(none specified)Schlager E, University of Arizona.
Brady U, Arizona State University.
. 1984. Property Rights and Access Management in the Small Boat Fishery: A Case Study from Southwest Nova Scotia. Atlantic fisheries and coastal communities: fisheries decision-making case studies. :133-164.
. 1975. The Organization of Production and Market Relations in a Nova Scotian Inshore Fishing Community. University of Manitoba Department of Anthropology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. M.A.