- Resource System
- Multispecies Fishery.
- Resource Units
- Scalefish
- Location
- Xcalak, Quintana Roo, Mexico
The Quintana Roo fishery is located on the Eastern side of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. The nearly 900 km of coastline includes all of Mexico's Caribbean shore. The boundary of the Quintana Roo fisheries is defined institutionally by the Mexican government. The resource harvested is scalefish. Unlike the other resource users harvesting from this fishery, scalefish harvesters are not organized by a co-op or firm. This case was part of the original CPR database developed in the 1980s by Edella Schlager and Shui Yan Tang at Indiana University. The original CPR report can be found under the CPR tab in the Institutional Analysis section below.
The resource appropriated from Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish is scalefish. The resource discussed includes the waters along the immediate shore stretching from Punta Herrero to Rio de Bacalar Chico (see map p.72) The boundary is institutionally defined - the Mexican government defined the north boundary as Punta Herrero and the southern boundary as Rio de Bacalar Chico. The western boundary is the shore and the eastern boundary is Banco Chinchorro.
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish is scalefish. The resource discussed includes the waters along the immediate shore stretching from Punta Herrero to Rio de Bacalar Chico (see map p.72) The boundary is institutionally defined - the Mexican government defined the north boundary as Punta Herrero and the southern boundary as Rio de Bacalar Chico. The western boundary is the shore and the eastern boundary is Banco Chinchorro.
SCREENER:
Case: Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish, Mexico
The information regarding the following common-pool resource system was taken from empirical evidence from a field setting. Data on the system was extracted from a thesis or dissertation. Currently, there are no additional documents to cite which may provide further information about this common-pool resource.
These documents describe seven resources in detail. The primary resource is the Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish, situated in Andres Quintana Roo of Mexico. More generally, it is located in Central America & Caribbean. The system's sector is that of fisheries. Relatively good information has been collected about the stakes of participants who appropriate from Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish. The condition of this resource is not well understood. Complete information is available regarding the strategies used by key groups interacting with the system. There is thorough documentation of the operational rules for this resource. This is the result of a high level of confidence that the authors who recorded the features of Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish have a complete knowledge of its particulars. Furthermore, the authors have provided sufficient data to formulate a structured coding process.
There are 25-50 total appropriator teams appropriating from the resource . Appropriator teams for the resource are never formally organized.
Miller gives a description of the scalefish, lobster, conch, shrimp, turtle, and coral fisheries off the Caribbean coast of Andres Quintana Roo State, Mexico. All fisheries, except for scalefish, are organized by coops or firms. He provides information on rules, technology, marketing, and production, with particularly detailed information on the scalefish and lobster fisheries organized by the Andres Quintana Roo Coop, the Ascension Bay Lobster Fishery organized by the Vigia Chico Coop, and the Amberjack fishery. The other fisheries are only briefly described, and in general Miller provides little information on the condition of the resources. The most interesting case is the Ascension Bay lobsterfishery in which members of the coop own their lobster territories and trade and sell them. [Note: the Amberjack Fishery will not be coded because it does not meet our definition of a CPR dilemma.]
CITATION(S):
Miller, David (1982) "Mexico's Caribbean Fishery: Recent Change and Current Issues." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.*
The resource appropriated from Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish is scalefish. The resource discussed includes the waters along the immediate shore stretching from Punta Herrero to Rio de Bacalar Chico (see map p.72) The boundary is institutionally defined - the Mexican government defined the north boundary as Punta Herrero and the southern boundary as Rio de Bacalar Chico. The western boundary is the shore and the eastern boundary is Banco Chinchorro.
SCREENER:
Case: Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish, Mexico
The information regarding the following common-pool resource system was taken from empirical evidence from a field setting. Data on the system was extracted from a thesis or dissertation. Currently, there are no additional documents to cite which may provide further information about this common-pool resource.
These documents describe seven resources in detail. The primary resource is the Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish, situated in Andres Quintana Roo of Mexico. More generally, it is located in Central America & Caribbean. The system's sector is that of fisheries. Relatively good information has been collected about the stakes of participants who appropriate from Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish. The condition of this resource is not well understood. Complete information is available regarding the strategies used by key groups interacting with the system. There is thorough documentation of the operational rules for this resource. This is the result of a high level of confidence that the authors who recorded the features of Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish have a complete knowledge of its particulars. Furthermore, the authors have provided sufficient data to formulate a structured coding process.
There are 25-50 total appropriator teams appropriating from the resource . Appropriator teams for the resource are never formally organized.
Miller gives a description of the scalefish, lobster, conch, shrimp, turtle, and coral fisheries off the Caribbean coast of Andres Quintana Roo State, Mexico. All fisheries, except for scalefish, are organized by coops or firms. He provides information on rules, technology, marketing, and production, with particularly detailed information on the scalefish and lobster fisheries organized by the Andres Quintana Roo Coop, the Ascension Bay Lobster Fishery organized by the Vigia Chico Coop, and the Amberjack fishery. The other fisheries are only briefly described, and in general Miller provides little information on the condition of the resources. The most interesting case is the Ascension Bay lobsterfishery in which members of the coop own their lobster territories and trade and sell them. [Note: the Amberjack Fishery will not be coded because it does not meet our definition of a CPR dilemma.]
CITATION(S):
Miller, David (1982) "Mexico's Caribbean Fishery: Recent Change and Current Issues." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.*
RESOURCE INFO:
The resource appropriated from Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish is scalefish. It is produced biologically and is a renewable moving (fugitive) unit. The resource discussed includes the waters along the immediate shore stretching from Punta Herrero to Rio de Bacalar Chico (see map p.72) The boundary is institutionally defined - the Mexican government defined the north boundary as Punta Herrero and the southern boundary as Rio de Bacalar Chico. The western boundary is the shore and the eastern boundary is Banco Chinchorro.
The boundary of this resource has natural/constructed and institutional arrangements which limit entry. The boundaries of this resource are smaller than the location, and exist in one country and are not within any general purpose local jurisdictions. The boundaries of this resource are independent of a development project designed by non-residents.
There are distinct and stable micro-environmental or ecological zones within this resource (inferred). The study did not indicate whether the quality and/or quantity of units is regularly better in some of the zones than in others .
There are not strategic points within the resource where the main flow of the scalefish can be controlled (inferred). There is considerable, and predictable variation over space in the availability of scalefish within the resource (highly confident). There is considerable, and predictable variation in the flow of scalefish within a single year (inferred). The case study did not include information regarding whether or not there is considerable variation in the flow of scalefish from year to year.
The bottom topography of Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish is primarily rock (confident).
If no rules in use were being followed, the relationship among the appropriation processes would have little adverse effects (inferred).
The boundaries of the production resource and the boundaries of the appropriation resource overlap partially, but they are not equivalent. (educated guess). The boundaries of the production resource partially overlap the boundaries of the location, but the two boundaries are not equivalent (educated guess). The boundaries of the distribution resource and the boundaries of the appropriation resource overlap partially, but they are not equivalent (educated guess). The boundaries of the production resource and the boundaries of the distribution resource overlap paritally, but they are not equivalent (educated guess).
LOCATION:
The appropriation resources are situated off of the coast of Quintano Roo State, located on the eastern side of the Yucatan Penninsula in Mexico, between Punta Herro on the north and Rio de Bacalar Chico. The location includes Chetumal, Xcalak, and Mahahual. The boundaries of the location are institutionally and naturally defined. They correspond to the political boundaries of the state and extend out into the water to the barrier reef. The appropriation resource present in this location consists of lobster and scalefish (coding), shrimp, conch, mullet, snapper, grunts, jacks, and bonefish. Regarding the use of the irrigation system, there were few adverse affects throughout the entire period in the relationships among appropriation processes.
The system is located within one country. Within this country, the system's location is not within any general purpose local jurisdiction. A permanent population lives year round in this location (highly confident). There is frequent contact and communication between people in this location and officials in a nearby administrative center (inferred). This location is also characterized by an economy that is stable and tied to other economic networks during the entire time period (inferred).
The latitude of this location is -1, and its longitude is -1. The elevation of this location is -1 meters. The highest elevation is -1. The lowest elevation of this location is -1. The region's average annual rainfall is unknown. The region's average annual evapotranspiration is unknown. The distribution of rainfall and evapotranspiration per month is as follows:
January precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
February precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
March precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
April precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
May precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
June precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
July precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
August precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
September precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
October precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
November precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
December precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
The resource appropriated from Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish is scalefish. It is produced biologically and is a renewable moving (fugitive) unit. The resource discussed includes the waters along the immediate shore stretching from Punta Herrero to Rio de Bacalar Chico (see map p.72) The boundary is institutionally defined - the Mexican government defined the north boundary as Punta Herrero and the southern boundary as Rio de Bacalar Chico. The western boundary is the shore and the eastern boundary is Banco Chinchorro.
The boundary of this resource has natural/constructed and institutional arrangements which limit entry. The boundaries of this resource are smaller than the location, and exist in one country and are not within any general purpose local jurisdictions. The boundaries of this resource are independent of a development project designed by non-residents.
There are distinct and stable micro-environmental or ecological zones within this resource (inferred). The study did not indicate whether the quality and/or quantity of units is regularly better in some of the zones than in others .
There are not strategic points within the resource where the main flow of the scalefish can be controlled (inferred). There is considerable, and predictable variation over space in the availability of scalefish within the resource (highly confident). There is considerable, and predictable variation in the flow of scalefish within a single year (inferred). The case study did not include information regarding whether or not there is considerable variation in the flow of scalefish from year to year.
The bottom topography of Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish is primarily rock (confident).
If no rules in use were being followed, the relationship among the appropriation processes would have little adverse effects (inferred).
The boundaries of the production resource and the boundaries of the appropriation resource overlap partially, but they are not equivalent. (educated guess). The boundaries of the production resource partially overlap the boundaries of the location, but the two boundaries are not equivalent (educated guess). The boundaries of the distribution resource and the boundaries of the appropriation resource overlap partially, but they are not equivalent (educated guess). The boundaries of the production resource and the boundaries of the distribution resource overlap paritally, but they are not equivalent (educated guess).
LOCATION:
The appropriation resources are situated off of the coast of Quintano Roo State, located on the eastern side of the Yucatan Penninsula in Mexico, between Punta Herro on the north and Rio de Bacalar Chico. The location includes Chetumal, Xcalak, and Mahahual. The boundaries of the location are institutionally and naturally defined. They correspond to the political boundaries of the state and extend out into the water to the barrier reef. The appropriation resource present in this location consists of lobster and scalefish (coding), shrimp, conch, mullet, snapper, grunts, jacks, and bonefish. Regarding the use of the irrigation system, there were few adverse affects throughout the entire period in the relationships among appropriation processes.
The system is located within one country. Within this country, the system's location is not within any general purpose local jurisdiction. A permanent population lives year round in this location (highly confident). There is frequent contact and communication between people in this location and officials in a nearby administrative center (inferred). This location is also characterized by an economy that is stable and tied to other economic networks during the entire time period (inferred).
The latitude of this location is -1, and its longitude is -1. The elevation of this location is -1 meters. The highest elevation is -1. The lowest elevation of this location is -1. The region's average annual rainfall is unknown. The region's average annual evapotranspiration is unknown. The distribution of rainfall and evapotranspiration per month is as follows:
January precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
February precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
March precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
April precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
May precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
June precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
July precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
August precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
September precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
October precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
November precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
December precipitation: N/A, evapotraspiration: N/A
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish is scalefish. The resource discussed includes the waters along the immediate shore stretching from Punta Herrero to Rio de Bacalar Chico (see map p.72) The boundary is institutionally defined - the Mexican government defined the north boundary as Punta Herrero and the southern boundary as Rio de Bacalar Chico. The western boundary is the shore and the eastern boundary is Banco Chinchorro.
OPERATIONAL LEVEL:
TYPE OF SITUATION
The processes described in the related documents are primarily related to appropriation and use. The formal owner(s) of the resource discussed in this study is a central government. The set of individuals who have rights to withdraw from this resource is well-defined. As of the beginning of this period, the owners are exercising (or attempting to exercise de jure) and effective in gaining closed access to this resource. Since the beginning of this period, the appropriators are not exercising, or attempting to exercise closed access to this resource.
EVENTS MARKING THE BEGINNING ACTION SITUATION
It is estimated that the operational level coded on this form ended in 0. The estimated duration of the patterns that are described in this form is 26 to 50 years. Throughout the duration there was change made primarily by an external authority in operational, collective, or consititutional rules. There was no change in resource size or structure. There was no new technology introduced to the system over the duration of the patterns coded on this form. There was no substantial external change in the value of the units appropriated. The quantity of units available did not change due to a change in appropriation patterns of other appropriators' withdrawals from the same production or distribution resource. There were no new groups starting to withdraw units from the appropriation resource. There was no recorded change to one or more variables internal to the operational level. The variables that changed were -2. The author does not begin the description of this case at this point in history. The author begins at this point in history because -2.
CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF PERIOD COVERED BY THIS FORM*
For biological resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was not included in the case information. For biological resources at the end of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was moderately abundant (confident). For physical resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units was not included in the case information. For physical resources at the end of the period the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units, was moderately abundant (confident).
The following includes the available statistics on the use of this resource at the beginning of the time period, followed by the end of the time period:
Tons of fish harvested per year at the beginning of the period: 16 (inferred)
Tons of fish harvested per year at the end of the period: 66 (confident)
*In fisheries and other biological systems, this is the maximum sustainable number of units. In irrigation, this refers to the optimal water requirements of the crops in the established fields served by this system.
At the beginning of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets, and also sold in local markets, and consumed by appropriators and families.
At the end of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets, and also sold in local markets, and consumed by appropriators and families.
As of the beginning of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). As of the end of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). At the beginning of the period of the study, there was no information provided regarding whether or not there are problems of pollution in this or other resources, due to the way units are being appropriated. At the end of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources due to the way units are being appropriated (inferred). As of the beginning of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was quite low (inferred). As of the end of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was quite low (inferred). At the beginning of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location had no effect on the appropriation resources (educated guess). At the end of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location had no effect on the appropriation resources (educated guess). At the beginning of this period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (ambiguous). At the end of the period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (inferred). ## Unknown markup: Start ##By the end of this period no change had occurred in the property rights regime related to the appropriation resource (educated guess). At the end of this period the owners were exercising, or attempting to exercise, de jure and effective closed access to this resource (inferred). At the end of the period the appropriators were exercising, or attempting to exercise, de jure and effective closed access to this resource (inferred).
INFORMATION LEVELS
There is no information in the study to indicate the availability of maps or charts of the appropration resource for use by the appropriators. Maps and/or charts of the production and distribution resources are not available to the appropriators (educated guess). The appropriators of this resource can be seen by each other while withdrawing and delivering units (educated guess). No appropriators are in radio communication with each other while appropriating from the resource (inferred). There was no information provided to indicate whether or not there are actions being taken, by appropriators or officials, to generate information about the condition of the resource. There are always records of the withdrawals from this resource kept in a systematic way (educated guess). There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the physical factors which directly affected the resource kept in a systematic way. Records are kept in a language accessible to most of the appropriators (inferred). The keepers of these records are officials at some level (inferred). These records are available for inspection by appropriators (inferred). There are arenas being used for the exchange of information about conditions of the resource (inferred). Appropriators get together to discuss mutual problems of the resource daily (inferred). The appropriators have an intimate knowledge of the characteristics of this resource (inferred).
POTENTIAL ACTIONS AND LEVELS OF CONTROL
The quality or quantity of the units available to the appropriators are not documented as having experienced any effect of past appropriators. This study did not include information on whether or not there are problems of pollution resulting from activities of others who are not appropriators of this resource or inhabitants of this location (e.g. acid rain, sewage disposal). Most appropriators sell this resource in one market (educated guess). The study does not indicate whether or not there was an insurance mechanism available to the appropriators related to variability of income from the resource.
PATTERNS OF INTERACTION
The general manner in which appropriators related to one another during this study is a relatively positive, reciprocal manner -- the presumption was made that long-term relationships are involved and positive actions are undertaken without a specific expectation of return (educated guess). The documents present evidence of specific types of cooperative activities between the appropriators related primarily to other local resources (educated guess). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is unlikely that an official monitor or guard would move to impose sanctions (educated guess).
POSITIONS AND PARTICIPANTS
At the end of the period studied the position of non-appropriator (individuals prevented from using the resource) did not exist (inferred). At the beginning of the period there was a general estimate of some undocumented number appropriators. There was a general estimate of 101-200 appropriators at the end of the period (confident). A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was not included in the case study, at the beginning of the period. A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was 51-100, at the end of the period (educated guess). The "official" position of monitor (apart from the willingness of all appropriators to monitor) does exist, and monitors are employees of an external governmental authority (confident). This position monitors rules devised by national collective choice processes (column 1 of the rules form).
The appropriators monitor the appropriation activities of each other apart from the monitoring of any "official" guards (inferred). The general estimate for the number of official monitors on duty at one time during peak hours was not included in this case study. Almost all of the monitors were full-time (inferred).
NUMBER AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROUPS
There will be 1 subgroup form(s) completed in relation to this operational level form. The ID number(s) of the subgroup(s) coded are as follows: 43.1 - -2 - -2 - -2
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
The study did not indicate whether or not there are appropriators who were consistently disadvantaged in this period. The study did not indicate whether or not the relatively worst off appropriators have or have not been cut out of their benefits from this resource or substantially harmed.
AUTHOR'S EVALUATION AND CAUSAL ASSUMPTIONS
In this coding form the author does not focus on the readers' concept of results and the evaluation of results (educated guess).
The author expresses concern over lack of adequate data being gathered, high level of rule breaking, and increasing population pressure eventually resulting in overfishing; although overfishing is not a problem at the present time. The author discusses withdrawals per unit of effort based on doesn't evaluate withdrawals per unit of effort
SUBGROUP:
Participants:
This appropriation group are adult males who live in Chetumal and Xcalak and fish for scalefish with beach weirs. The criteria for who is a member is well defined (inferred). . This group ended with a estimated membership of 101-200..
The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:
Gender identification causes no difference in composition (inferred). There is no difference in composition with regard to languages spoken (inferred). The language spoken by most members of the subgroup is Spanish.
The appropriation process is organized as a team process consisting of 35 groups.
Legal Rights:
Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (inferred). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (inferred). Rights to participate in management of this resource are not held either de facto nor de jure (educated guess). Exlusion from use of the entire resource is not exercised either de facto nor de jure (educated guess). Members of this subgroup have de jure rights to decide who can be excluded from particular zones within the resource. (inferred). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (educated guess). The separable rights to exercise transfer to shares of this appropriation resource, or closely related production and/or distribution resources are neither held de jure nor de facto (inferred). Transferring shares of major appropriation equipment which are necessary to engage in appropriation is not exercised either je jure nor de facto## Unknown column: EQUIPSHAR ##.
Stakes and Resources:
The length of time this subgroup has regularly appropriated from this resource is 26 through 50 years (educated guess). Around 91%-100% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource (confident). Given the assets of members, the capital required to set up an appropriation team does not place pressure upon the appropriators to get immediate returns from appropriation (educated guess). Most people in this subgroup are moderately dependent (i.e. about half of the family income) on this resource (educated guess). Around 91%-100% of this subgroup work a substantial amount of time in activities not associated with appropriation from this resource (confident). The proportion of this subgroup that currently appropriates similar units from other resources is less than 10% (inferred). Capital is owned by 91%-100% of this subgroup (educated guess). No real alternatives for the supply unit are available (educated guess).
Potential Actions and Levels of Control:
A noticeable impact on the balance of the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available in this resource would occur in a drastic reduction of this subgroup's appropriation activities (inferred). Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules heavily constrain (ambiguous), time limit rules cause unknown contraints, quantity rules cause unknown contraints, marginal units or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation have a moderate value immediate return (educated guess).
Technology:
The appropriative power of the technology used does not threaten the balance between units withdrawn and units available even if no new users are added (educated guess).
Strategies Adopted:
At the beginning of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was accelerating (inferred). At the end of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant (educated guess). During this time period members have not invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (educated guess). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has not been made by members (educated guess). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (educated guess). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that most of the members do not follow the rules (educated guess). The level of infraction of members who are not rule followers is generally large (educated guess).
Subgroup Results:
This subgroup appropriates 91%-100% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (confident). By the end of this time period the appropriates from this resource have remained approximately constant (inferred). The absolute quantity of appropriation units obtained by this group has become larger (inferred).
The resource appropriated from Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish is scalefish. The resource discussed includes the waters along the immediate shore stretching from Punta Herrero to Rio de Bacalar Chico (see map p.72) The boundary is institutionally defined - the Mexican government defined the north boundary as Punta Herrero and the southern boundary as Rio de Bacalar Chico. The western boundary is the shore and the eastern boundary is Banco Chinchorro.
OPERATIONAL LEVEL:
TYPE OF SITUATION
The processes described in the related documents are primarily related to appropriation and use. The formal owner(s) of the resource discussed in this study is a central government. The set of individuals who have rights to withdraw from this resource is well-defined. As of the beginning of this period, the owners are exercising (or attempting to exercise de jure) and effective in gaining closed access to this resource. Since the beginning of this period, the appropriators are not exercising, or attempting to exercise closed access to this resource.
EVENTS MARKING THE BEGINNING ACTION SITUATION
It is estimated that the operational level coded on this form ended in 0. The estimated duration of the patterns that are described in this form is 26 to 50 years. Throughout the duration there was change made primarily by an external authority in operational, collective, or consititutional rules. There was no change in resource size or structure. There was no new technology introduced to the system over the duration of the patterns coded on this form. There was no substantial external change in the value of the units appropriated. The quantity of units available did not change due to a change in appropriation patterns of other appropriators' withdrawals from the same production or distribution resource. There were no new groups starting to withdraw units from the appropriation resource. There was no recorded change to one or more variables internal to the operational level. The variables that changed were -2. The author does not begin the description of this case at this point in history. The author begins at this point in history because -2.
CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF PERIOD COVERED BY THIS FORM*
For biological resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was not included in the case information. For biological resources at the end of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was moderately abundant (confident). For physical resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units was not included in the case information. For physical resources at the end of the period the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units, was moderately abundant (confident).
The following includes the available statistics on the use of this resource at the beginning of the time period, followed by the end of the time period:
Tons of fish harvested per year at the beginning of the period: 16 (inferred)
Tons of fish harvested per year at the end of the period: 66 (confident)
*In fisheries and other biological systems, this is the maximum sustainable number of units. In irrigation, this refers to the optimal water requirements of the crops in the established fields served by this system.
At the beginning of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets, and also sold in local markets, and consumed by appropriators and families.
At the end of the period, the units were predominantly sold in external markets, and also sold in local markets, and consumed by appropriators and families.
As of the beginning of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). As of the end of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was high (educated guess). At the beginning of the period of the study, there was no information provided regarding whether or not there are problems of pollution in this or other resources, due to the way units are being appropriated. At the end of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources due to the way units are being appropriated (inferred). As of the beginning of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was quite low (inferred). As of the end of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was quite low (inferred). At the beginning of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location had no effect on the appropriation resources (educated guess). At the end of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location had no effect on the appropriation resources (educated guess). At the beginning of this period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (ambiguous). At the end of the period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (inferred). ## Unknown markup: Start ##By the end of this period no change had occurred in the property rights regime related to the appropriation resource (educated guess). At the end of this period the owners were exercising, or attempting to exercise, de jure and effective closed access to this resource (inferred). At the end of the period the appropriators were exercising, or attempting to exercise, de jure and effective closed access to this resource (inferred).
INFORMATION LEVELS
There is no information in the study to indicate the availability of maps or charts of the appropration resource for use by the appropriators. Maps and/or charts of the production and distribution resources are not available to the appropriators (educated guess). The appropriators of this resource can be seen by each other while withdrawing and delivering units (educated guess). No appropriators are in radio communication with each other while appropriating from the resource (inferred). There was no information provided to indicate whether or not there are actions being taken, by appropriators or officials, to generate information about the condition of the resource. There are always records of the withdrawals from this resource kept in a systematic way (educated guess). There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the physical factors which directly affected the resource kept in a systematic way. Records are kept in a language accessible to most of the appropriators (inferred). The keepers of these records are officials at some level (inferred). These records are available for inspection by appropriators (inferred). There are arenas being used for the exchange of information about conditions of the resource (inferred). Appropriators get together to discuss mutual problems of the resource daily (inferred). The appropriators have an intimate knowledge of the characteristics of this resource (inferred).
POTENTIAL ACTIONS AND LEVELS OF CONTROL
The quality or quantity of the units available to the appropriators are not documented as having experienced any effect of past appropriators. This study did not include information on whether or not there are problems of pollution resulting from activities of others who are not appropriators of this resource or inhabitants of this location (e.g. acid rain, sewage disposal). Most appropriators sell this resource in one market (educated guess). The study does not indicate whether or not there was an insurance mechanism available to the appropriators related to variability of income from the resource.
PATTERNS OF INTERACTION
The general manner in which appropriators related to one another during this study is a relatively positive, reciprocal manner -- the presumption was made that long-term relationships are involved and positive actions are undertaken without a specific expectation of return (educated guess). The documents present evidence of specific types of cooperative activities between the appropriators related primarily to other local resources (educated guess). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is unlikely that an official monitor or guard would move to impose sanctions (educated guess).
POSITIONS AND PARTICIPANTS
At the end of the period studied the position of non-appropriator (individuals prevented from using the resource) did not exist (inferred). At the beginning of the period there was a general estimate of some undocumented number appropriators. There was a general estimate of 101-200 appropriators at the end of the period (confident). A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was not included in the case study, at the beginning of the period. A general estimate of the number of participants in the team appropriation process was 51-100, at the end of the period (educated guess). The "official" position of monitor (apart from the willingness of all appropriators to monitor) does exist, and monitors are employees of an external governmental authority (confident). This position monitors rules devised by national collective choice processes (column 1 of the rules form).
The appropriators monitor the appropriation activities of each other apart from the monitoring of any "official" guards (inferred). The general estimate for the number of official monitors on duty at one time during peak hours was not included in this case study. Almost all of the monitors were full-time (inferred).
NUMBER AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROUPS
There will be 1 subgroup form(s) completed in relation to this operational level form. The ID number(s) of the subgroup(s) coded are as follows: 43.1 - -2 - -2 - -2
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
The study did not indicate whether or not there are appropriators who were consistently disadvantaged in this period. The study did not indicate whether or not the relatively worst off appropriators have or have not been cut out of their benefits from this resource or substantially harmed.
AUTHOR'S EVALUATION AND CAUSAL ASSUMPTIONS
In this coding form the author does not focus on the readers' concept of results and the evaluation of results (educated guess).
The author expresses concern over lack of adequate data being gathered, high level of rule breaking, and increasing population pressure eventually resulting in overfishing; although overfishing is not a problem at the present time. The author discusses withdrawals per unit of effort based on doesn't evaluate withdrawals per unit of effort
SUBGROUP:
Participants:
This appropriation group are adult males who live in Chetumal and Xcalak and fish for scalefish with beach weirs. The criteria for who is a member is well defined (inferred). . This group ended with a estimated membership of 101-200..
The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:
Gender identification causes no difference in composition (inferred). There is no difference in composition with regard to languages spoken (inferred). The language spoken by most members of the subgroup is Spanish.
The appropriation process is organized as a team process consisting of 35 groups.
Legal Rights:
Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (inferred). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (inferred). Rights to participate in management of this resource are not held either de facto nor de jure (educated guess). Exlusion from use of the entire resource is not exercised either de facto nor de jure (educated guess). Members of this subgroup have de jure rights to decide who can be excluded from particular zones within the resource. (inferred). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (educated guess). The separable rights to exercise transfer to shares of this appropriation resource, or closely related production and/or distribution resources are neither held de jure nor de facto (inferred). Transferring shares of major appropriation equipment which are necessary to engage in appropriation is not exercised either je jure nor de facto## Unknown column: EQUIPSHAR ##.
Stakes and Resources:
The length of time this subgroup has regularly appropriated from this resource is 26 through 50 years (educated guess). Around 91%-100% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource (confident). Given the assets of members, the capital required to set up an appropriation team does not place pressure upon the appropriators to get immediate returns from appropriation (educated guess). Most people in this subgroup are moderately dependent (i.e. about half of the family income) on this resource (educated guess). Around 91%-100% of this subgroup work a substantial amount of time in activities not associated with appropriation from this resource (confident). The proportion of this subgroup that currently appropriates similar units from other resources is less than 10% (inferred). Capital is owned by 91%-100% of this subgroup (educated guess). No real alternatives for the supply unit are available (educated guess).
Potential Actions and Levels of Control:
A noticeable impact on the balance of the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available in this resource would occur in a drastic reduction of this subgroup's appropriation activities (inferred). Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules heavily constrain (ambiguous), time limit rules cause unknown contraints, quantity rules cause unknown contraints, marginal units or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation have a moderate value immediate return (educated guess).
Technology:
The appropriative power of the technology used does not threaten the balance between units withdrawn and units available even if no new users are added (educated guess).
Strategies Adopted:
At the beginning of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was accelerating (inferred). At the end of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant (educated guess). During this time period members have not invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (educated guess). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has not been made by members (educated guess). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (educated guess). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that most of the members do not follow the rules (educated guess). The level of infraction of members who are not rule followers is generally large (educated guess).
Subgroup Results:
This subgroup appropriates 91%-100% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (confident). By the end of this time period the appropriates from this resource have remained approximately constant (inferred). The absolute quantity of appropriation units obtained by this group has become larger (inferred).
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish is scalefish. The resource discussed includes the waters along the immediate shore stretching from Punta Herrero to Rio de Bacalar Chico (see map p.72) The boundary is institutionally defined - the Mexican government defined the north boundary as Punta Herrero and the southern boundary as Rio de Bacalar Chico. The western boundary is the shore and the eastern boundary is Banco Chinchorro.
OPERATIONAL RULES:
Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides a few detailed references to operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below. Concerning regional collective choice, the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by regional collective choice mechanisms, however a regional level of government does exist.
With regard to local collective choice, there is a local level of government or organization of appropriators, but it does not exercise jurisdiction in relation to the type of resource appropriated by this subgroup.
Boundary Rules
The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.
The local level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a country. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).
A rule exists permitting membership in an organization. This rule is enforced at the national and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to be of a certain gender. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring use of a particular technology. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to obtain a license for entry or for equipment in order to appropriate. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).
A rule exists permitting an appropriator to obtain a license for entry or for equipment in order to appropriate. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
The sum of the fees and licenses is relatively low given the resources of most of the appropriators.
When an entry fee or license is required or permitted, the sum is relatively low given the benefits that can be obtained from withdrawing units from this resource.
Authority and Scope Rules
The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.
The following paragraphs include information on rules of 1 cycle(s).
Authority Rules:
The local level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.
There is a rule requiring withdrawal at specific locations or spots, based on the historical pattern of appropriation. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
There is a rule forbidding withdrawal whenever and wherever desired, based on the historical pattern of appropriation. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
The authority and scope rules do not apply to whether or not certain subgroups received substantially unequal privileges, because there is only one subgroup.
Scope Rules:
The local level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.
There is a rule requiring a periodically assessed appropriation tax, based on the quantity of units withdrawn. This rule is enforced at the national and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
Information Rules
There exists a rule requiring recording of the number of units withdrawn. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).
This information was recorded by a regional administrative body.
Payoff Rules
The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.
Owner(s) (non-operator(s)) of primary appropriation equipment:
0%; 0%; 0%
Owner(s) - operators(s) of primary appropriation equipment:
0%; 0%; 0%
Owner(s) (non-operator(s)) of supplementary appropriation equipment:
0%; 0%; 0%
Owner(s) - operator(s) of supplementary appropriation equipment:
0%; 0%; 0%
Crew with special assets (including non-owner captain):
0%; 0%; 0%
Regular crew (each):
0%; 0%; 0%
Other:
0%; 0%; 0%
Aggregation Rules
Overall Questions About Rules Configuration
The general framework of the rules-in-use has governed the activities of this subgroup for 26 to 50 years.
The resource appropriated from Andres Quintana Roo Scalefish is scalefish. The resource discussed includes the waters along the immediate shore stretching from Punta Herrero to Rio de Bacalar Chico (see map p.72) The boundary is institutionally defined - the Mexican government defined the north boundary as Punta Herrero and the southern boundary as Rio de Bacalar Chico. The western boundary is the shore and the eastern boundary is Banco Chinchorro.
OPERATIONAL RULES:
Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides a few detailed references to operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below. Concerning regional collective choice, the author provides NO information about operational level rules as devised by regional collective choice mechanisms, however a regional level of government does exist.
With regard to local collective choice, there is a local level of government or organization of appropriators, but it does not exercise jurisdiction in relation to the type of resource appropriated by this subgroup.
Boundary Rules
The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.
The local level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.
A rule exists requiring citizenship of a country. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).
A rule exists permitting membership in an organization. This rule is enforced at the national and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to be of a certain gender. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring use of a particular technology. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring an appropriator to obtain a license for entry or for equipment in order to appropriate. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).
A rule exists permitting an appropriator to obtain a license for entry or for equipment in order to appropriate. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s).
The sum of the fees and licenses is relatively low given the resources of most of the appropriators.
When an entry fee or license is required or permitted, the sum is relatively low given the benefits that can be obtained from withdrawing units from this resource.
Authority and Scope Rules
The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.
The following paragraphs include information on rules of 1 cycle(s).
Authority Rules:
The local level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.
There is a rule requiring withdrawal at specific locations or spots, based on the historical pattern of appropriation. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
There is a rule forbidding withdrawal whenever and wherever desired, based on the historical pattern of appropriation. This rule is enforced at the rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
The authority and scope rules do not apply to whether or not certain subgroups received substantially unequal privileges, because there is only one subgroup.
Scope Rules:
The local level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.
There is a rule requiring a periodically assessed appropriation tax, based on the quantity of units withdrawn. This rule is enforced at the national and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
Information Rules
There exists a rule requiring recording of the number of units withdrawn. This rule is enforced at the national level(s).
This information was recorded by a regional administrative body.
Payoff Rules
The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.
Owner(s) (non-operator(s)) of primary appropriation equipment:
0%; 0%; 0%
Owner(s) - operators(s) of primary appropriation equipment:
0%; 0%; 0%
Owner(s) (non-operator(s)) of supplementary appropriation equipment:
0%; 0%; 0%
Owner(s) - operator(s) of supplementary appropriation equipment:
0%; 0%; 0%
Crew with special assets (including non-owner captain):
0%; 0%; 0%
Regular crew (each):
0%; 0%; 0%
Other:
0%; 0%; 0%
Aggregation Rules
Overall Questions About Rules Configuration
The general framework of the rules-in-use has governed the activities of this subgroup for 26 to 50 years.
Andres Quintana Roo Scale Fish (1955-1979)
Resource System
The primary resources are Spiny Lobster, Conch, Scale Fish, Turtle and Shrimp. The resource relies on ocean diverse topography including a coral reef, several island atolls, a large lagoon, and a dynamic food web.
Resource Users
Local fishermen mainly, but there are many that come from nearby states.
Public Infrastructure Providers
Mexican Federal Government agencies and fishing cooperatives.
Public Infrastructure
Roads to remote parts of the coast, the advisory function of government officials, fisheries offices, processing plant in Xcalak, small desalinization plant of small capacity, boats, nets, diving, fishing and boat gear.
Relationship 1
Human-made hard infrastructure, both public and private, mediates the interaction between the resource and the resource users
Relationship 2
Low interest loans for the purchase of gear and vessels and an attempt to increase advisory functions of government representatives working with cooperatives and independent fishermen. Arrangements with fish buyers, who sponsored them with loans, gear, and boats, in exchange for a share and the exclusive right to purchase the capture.
Relationship 3
Hard infrastructure: shore-side processing facilities, roads to remote parts of the coast, the advisory function of government officials was increased, and new fisheries offices were established. Soft infrastructure: technical schools, and increased number of fisheries officials.
Relationship 4
Very little accurate data exists since scale fishing is open-access.
Relationship 5
Due to the lack of enforcement of regulations and the problem of unreported catch, very little is known about the extent of the resource and its ability to sustain increased fishing pressure, thus limiting the ability to establish population parameters that can aid in appropriate management of the stocks.
Relationship 6
All fishermen must have ID cards and permits for harvesting scale fish, except when harvesting for subsistence of domestic consumption. All equipment must be registered, capture must be legally registered with CONAPESCA officials upon landing, and taxes paid in order to transport the product to the market.
Exogenous Drivers 7 (Resource System)
Increasing degradation via increased dumping of sewage, over fishing, and physical damage to reefs from construction or dredging threaten habitat quality for the resource.
Exogenous Drivers 7 (Public Infrastructure)
Hurricanes are a threat to human-made hard infrastructure as they can affect public roads, processing plants, and government offices.
Exogenous Drivers 8 (Resource Users)
The fishermen are vulnerable to price changes in the fish market. Agreements with fish buyers allow them to retain access to the high profits of the fishery.
Exogenous Drivers 8 (Public Infrastructure Providers)
The federal focus on targeting the state’s fishery for increased production to provide more food and employment comes in conflict with the lack of effective monitoring strategies for catch, the control that fish buyers have over the development of cooperatives, and the problem of specialization in place of fishery diversification.
Human Infrastructure, Private and Human-Made (Resource Users)
(none specified)Human Infrastructure, Private and Human-Made (Public Infrastructure Providers)
(none specified)Schlager E, University of Arizona.
Moreno Martinez V, Arizona State University.
. 1982. Mexico's Caribbean Fishery: Recent Change and Current Issues. University of Wisconsin Milwaukee. PhD
. 1988. Technology, Territoriality and Ecology: The Evolution of Mexico's Caribbean Spiny Lobster Fishery. State University of New York at Cortland. MS