Takkapala communal irrigation system, Malino village, south Sulawesi, Indonesia

RESOURCE:

The resource appropriated from Takkapala Communal System is water for irrigation. Canals that deliver water from a river make up the irrigation system that will be discussed in this study.

SCREENER:

Case: Takkapala Communal System, Indonesia

The information regarding the following common-pool resource system was taken from empirical evidence from a field setting. Data on the system was extracted from a chapter in a book. Currently, there are no additional documents to cite which may provide further information about this common-pool resource.

These documents describe two resources in detail. The primary resource is the Takkapala Communal System, situated in Desa Malino of Indonesia. More generally, it is located in Orient. The system's sector is that of water. Relatively good information has not been collected about the stakes of participants who appropriate from Takkapala Communal System. The condition of this resource is not well understood. Complete information is available regarding the strategies used by key groups interacting with the system. There is not thorough documentation of the operational rules for this resource. This is the result of a high level of confidence that the authors who recorded the features of Takkapala Communal System have a complete knowledge of its particulars. Furthermore, the authors have provided sufficient data to formulate a structured coding process.

Appropriator teams for the resource are always formally organized.

Hafid and Hayami examine the impact of national subsidies on the rehabilitation of two small-scale river-diversion irrigation systems in Indonesia. Subsidies were substantial inducements to the mobilization of local resources. High rates of return on the rehabilitation projects were achieved. (Since the article focuses on measuring the performance of the project, there is not much description of the institutional arrangements of the systems.)

CITATION(S):

Hafid, A. and Y. Hayami (1979) "Mobilizing Local Resources for Irrigation Development: The Subsidi Desa Case of Indonesia." In IRRIGATION POLICY AND THE MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, edited by Donald C. Taylor and Thomas H. Wickham, 123-142. Bangkok: The Agricultural Development Council. [ILL: University of Kentucky; S616 .A78 I70]*

RESOURCE INFO:

The resource appropriated from Takkapala Communal System is water for irrigation. It is produced physically and is a renewable moving (fugitive) unit. Canals that deliver water from a river make up the irrigation system that will be discussed in this study.

The boundary of this resource has natural/constructed attributes which do not limit entry. The boundaries of this resource are smaller than the location, and exist in one country, and are not divided among multiple general purpose local jurisdictions at a single level. The boundaries of this resource are independent of a development project designed by non-residents.

This study did not indicate whether or not there are distinct and stable micro-environmental or ecological zones within this resource . The study did not indicate whether the quality and/or quantity of units is regularly better in some of the zones than in others . The variance in quality between the zones has at some point in time created conflict among appropriators.

The study did not indicate whether or not there are natural barriers within the resource. There are strategic points within the resource where the main flow of the water for irrigation can be controlled (inferred). The case study did not include information regarding whether or not there is considerable variation over space in the availability of water for irrigation within the resource. There is considerable, and mildly predictable variation in the flow of water for irrigation within a single year (inferred). The case study did not include information regarding whether or not there is considerable variation in the flow of water for irrigation from year to year.

The topography of the resource or the land immediately around the resource was not included in the study.

The boundaries of the production resource do not coincide with the boundaries of the appropriation resource. The production resource is a facility connected to the appropriation resource (educated guess). The boundaries of the production resource are not equivalent to the boundaries of the location, but lie within the boundaries of the location (educated guess). The boundaries of the distribution resource are roughly equivalent to the boundaries of the appropriation resource (inferred). The boundaries of the production resource are not equivalent to the boundaries of the distribution resource. The production resource is a facility connected to the distribution resource (educated guess).

The headworks (production resource) are operated by the same agency(s) (or the same group(s) of people) as the appropriation resource, and the agency(s) or the group(s) of people are the sole operator(s) of the headworks (inferred). The distribution system is solely operated by the same agency(s) (or the same group(s) of people) as the appropriation resource (inferred). The distribution system is solely operated by the same agency(s) (or the same group(s) of people) as the headworks of the system (inferred).

LOCATION:

The appropriation resources are situated in Malino Village. The boundaries of the location are village boundaries. The appropriation resource present in this location consists of canals that deliver water from a river.

The system is located within one country. Within this country, the system's location is not divided among several general purpose local jurisdictions at the same level. A permanent population lives year round in this location (highly confident). There is not frequent contact and communication between people in this location and officials in a nearby administrative center (educated guess). This location is also characterized by an economy that is stable and relatively autonomous with respect to other economic networks during the entire time period (inferred).

The latitude of this location is 5.17'S, and its longitude is 119.53'E. The elevation of this location is 400 meters. The highest elevation is 0. The lowest elevation of this location is 0. The region's average annual rainfall is 4360 milimeters (highly confident). The region's average annual evapotranspiration is 1190 milimeters. The distribution of rainfall and evapotranspiration per month is as follows:

January precipitation: 530, evapotraspiration: 98

February precipitation: 310, evapotraspiration: 92

March precipitation: 500, evapotraspiration: 102

April precipitation: 450, evapotraspiration: 103

May precipitation: 300, evapotraspiration: 106

June precipitation: 100, evapotraspiration: 97

July precipitation: 250, evapotraspiration: 92

August precipitation: 100, evapotraspiration: 92

September precipitation: 250, evapotraspiration: 99

October precipitation: 20, evapotraspiration: 108

November precipitation: 740, evapotraspiration: 103

December precipitation: 810, evapotraspiration: 98

RESOURCE:

The resource appropriated from Takkapala Communal System is water for irrigation. Canals that deliver water from a river make up the irrigation system that will be discussed in this study.

OPERATIONAL LEVEL:

TYPE OF SITUATION

The processes described in the related documents are primarily related to appropriation, distribution, and production. The formal owner(s) of the resource discussed in this study are local appropriators. The set of individuals who have rights to withdraw from this resource is not indicated in this study. As of the beginning of this period, the owners are not indicated as either attempting, or failing to attempt to exercise access to this resource. Since the beginning of this period, the appropriators may be exercising or attempting to exercise closed access to this resource, however this information was not included in the study.

EVENTS MARKING THE BEGINNING ACTION SITUATION

It is estimated that the operational level coded on this form ended in 0. The estimated duration of the patterns that are described in this form is Less than one year. Throughout the duration there were no changes made in operational, collective, or consititutional rules. There was no change in resource size or structure. There was no new technology introduced to the system over the duration of the patterns coded on this form. There was no substantial external change in the value of the units appropriated. The quantity of units available did not change due to a change in appropriation patterns of other appropriators' withdrawals from the same production or distribution resource. There were no new groups starting to withdraw units from the appropriation resource. There was no recorded change to one or more variables internal to the operational level. The author begins the description of this case at this point in history. The author begins at this point in history because In 1971, the appropriators undertook some major rehabilitation of the physical structures of the system with subsidies from a national government project called Subsidi Desa..

CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF PERIOD COVERED BY THIS FORM*

For biological resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was apparently balanced (educated guess). For biological resources at the end of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was apparently balanced (educated guess). For physical resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units was apparently balanced (educated guess). For physical resources at the end of the period the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units, was apparently balanced (educated guess).

The following includes the available statistics on the use of this resource at the beginning of the time period, followed by the end of the time period:

Square meters of fields irrigated at the beginning of the period: 600000 (ambiguous)

Square meters of fields irrigated at the end of the period: 950000 (inferred)

*In fisheries and other biological systems, this is the maximum sustainable number of units. In irrigation, this refers to the optimal water requirements of the crops in the established fields served by this system.

At the beginning of the period, the units were predominantly used to produce other units.

At the end of the period, the units were predominantly used to produce other units.

As of the beginning of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was not included in the study. As of the end of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was not included in the study. At the beginning of the period of the study, there was no information provided regarding whether or not there are problems of pollution in this or other resources, due to the way units are being appropriated. At the end of the period of the study, there was no information provided in the case study regarding whether or not there are problems of pollution in this or other resources due to the way units are appropriated. As of the beginning of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was not indicated. As of the end of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was not indicated. At the beginning of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location was not recorded in the case information. At the end of this study, the interference between the appropriation technology for this resource and the appropriation processes for other resources in this location was not recorded in the case information. At the beginning of this study the appropriation resource was experiencing some deterioration due to insufficient maintenance (educated guess). At the end of this study the appropriation resource was well maintained, and in excellent working order (inferred). At the beginning of this period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (inferred). At the end of the period the appropriators shared moderate to high levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises given high credence) (inferred). ## Unknown markup: Start ##By the end of this period no change had occurred in the property rights regime related to the appropriation resource (educated guess).

INFORMATION LEVELS

There is no information in the study to indicate the availability of maps or charts of the appropration resource for use by the appropriators. Maps and/or charts of the production and distribution resources are not documented as being available, or unavailable in this case study. The appropriators of this resource have no documented patterns in regard to the frequency with which they could readily observe each other. No documentation was included in the study regarding whether or not the appropriators of this resource are in radio communication with each other while appropriating from the resource. There are actions being taken, by appropriators or officials, to generate information about the condition of the resource (inferred). There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the withdrawals from this resource kept in a systematic way. There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the physical factors which directly affected the resource kept in a systematic way. There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the appropriators' contributions to monitoring of the resource kept in a systematic way. There are usually records of the appropriators' contribution to the maintenance of the resource kept in a systematic way (educated guess). There is no information in the study to indicate whether or not records are kept in a language accessible to most of the appropriators. The keepers of these records are not indicated as being "officials" or "non-officials" in this case study. The case study did not indicate whether or not these records are available for inspection by appropriators. There are arenas being used for the exchange of information about conditions of the resource (ambiguous). Appropriators get together to discuss mutual problems of the resource at a frequency which was not included in the case study. The appropriators have a considerable familiarity with the characteristics of this resource (educated guess).

POTENTIAL ACTIONS AND LEVELS OF CONTROL

There are appropriators and non-appropriators that made up a specialized staff or workers to undertake maintenance (educated guess). The quality or quantity of the units available to the appropriators are not adversely affected by the strategies of prior appropriators, because there are no prior appropriators (ambiguous). This study did not include information on whether or not there are problems of pollution resulting from activities of others who are not appropriators of this resource or inhabitants of this location (e.g. acid rain, sewage disposal). The study does not indicate whether or not there was an insurance mechanism available to the appropriators related to variability of income from the resource.

PATTERNS OF INTERACTION

Differences between subgroups relating to gender identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Differences between subgroups relating to ethnic identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Differences between subgroups relating to clan identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Differences between subgroups relating to racial identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Differences between subgroups relating to caste identification does not exist (ambiguous). Differences between subgroups relating to religious identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Differences between subgroups relating to languages spoken does not exist (ambiguous). Differences between subgroups relating to general cultural views of the resource system and its use does not exist (ambiguous). Differences between subgroups relating to any problems that affect communication does not exist (ambiguous).

The general manner in which appropriators related to one another during this study is a relatively positive, reciprocal manner -- the presumption was made that long-term relationships are involved and positive actions are undertaken without a specific expectation of return (educated guess). The documents present evidence of specific types of cooperative activities between the appropriators related to other local resources, as well as evidence that the appropriators have a general cultural pattern that stressed various types of cooperative activities besides the management of this resource (educated guess).

POSITIONS AND PARTICIPANTS

At the end of the period studied the position of non-appropriator (individuals prevented from using the resource) did exist (educated guess). At the beginning of the period there was a general estimate of 101-200 appropriators (educated guess). There was a general estimate of 101-200 appropriators at the end of the period (educated guess). The "official" position of monitor (apart from the willingness of all appropriators to monitor) is not described in detail in this case study. This position monitors rules devised by local collective choice processes (column 3 of the rules form) and rules-in-use.

The appropriators monitor the appropriation activities of each other apart from the monitoring of any "official" guards (inferred). The general estimate for the number of official monitors on duty at one time during peak hours was not included in this case study. The study did not indicate how many of the monitors were full-time.

NUMBER AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROUPS

There will be 1 subgroup form(s) completed in relation to this operational level form. The ID number(s) of the subgroup(s) coded are as follows: 24.1 - 0 - 0 - 0

EVALUATION OF RESULTS

The study did not indicate whether or not there are appropriators who were consistently disadvantaged in this period. The study did not indicate whether or not the relatively worst off appropriators have or have not been cut out of their benefits from this resource or substantially harmed.

AUTHOR'S EVALUATION AND CAUSAL ASSUMPTIONS

In this coding form the author does not focus on the readers' concept of results and the evaluation of results (inferred).

The author identified a significant gain from undertaking the rehabilitation of the physical structure of the irrigation system. The author evaluated village leadership and community organization, but there is not sufficient discussion on these two variables. The author evaluated the efficiency of this system as high, based on the cost and benefit of undertaking rehabilitiation work with the irrigation system. This was calculated in terms of the capital labor input and increase in agricultural production..

SUBGROUP:

Participants:

This appropriation group are the appropriators of the Takkapala Communal Irrigation System.. This group ended with a membership of 125.

The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:

The difference in composition with regard to gender identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Difference in composition with regard to ethnic or cultural identification does not affect communication (educated guess). The difference in composition with regard to clan identification does not affect communication (educated guess). The difference in composition with regard to racial identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Caste identification causes no difference in composition (ambiguous). The difference in composition with regard to religious identification does not affect communication (educated guess). There is no difference in composition with regard to languages spoken (ambiguous).

.

Legal Rights:

Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (inferred). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (inferred). Rights to participate in management of this resource is held de jure (inferred). Exclusion from use of the entire resource is exercised de jure (inferred). Transferring shares of major appropriation equipment which are necessary to engage in appropriation is not exercised either je jure nor de facto## Unknown column: EQUIPSHAR ##.

Stakes and Resources:

Around 91%-100% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource (educated guess). Capital is owned by 76%-90% of this subgroup (confident).

Potential Actions and Levels of Control:

A noticeable impact on the balance of the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available in this resource would occur in a drastic reduction of this subgroup's appropriation activities (ambiguous). Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules cause unknown contraints, time limit rules cause unknown contraints, quantity rules cause unknown contraints, marginal units, or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation, cause unknown contraints.

Technology:

The appropriative power of the technology used threatens the balance between units withdrawn and units available even if no new users are added (ambiguous).

Strategies Adopted:

At the beginning of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was constant (educated guess). At the end of the period the rate of unit withdrawals was increasing (educated guess). In irrigation, appropriation resources (at the beginning of the period) produce mostly paddy rice, and also non-tree fruits and vegetables. In irrigation, the appropriation resources (at the end of the period) produce mainly paddy rice, and also non-tree fruits and vegetables. During this time period members have invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (highly confident). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has been made by members (highly confident). Resources have been expended (including time) to avoid actions that would harm the structure of the appropriation resource (inferred). At least one member has assumed entrepreneurial activity in trying to achieve coordinated strategies in relationship to both withdrawal and investment (confident). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that almost all of the members follow the rules set in place (ambiguous). The level of infraction of members who are not rule followers is generally small (ambiguous).

Subgroup Results:

This subgroup appropriates 91%-100% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (confident). By the end of this time period the appropriates from this resource have remained approximately constant (inferred). The absolute quantity of appropriation units obtained by this group has become larger (highly confident).

RESOURCE:

The resource appropriated from Takkapala Communal System is water for irrigation. Canals that deliver water from a river make up the irrigation system that will be discussed in this study.

OPERATIONAL RULES:

Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, there is a national level of government, but it does not exercise jurisdiction in relation to the type of resource appropriated by this subgroup. Concerning regional collective choice, there is a regional level of government, but it does not exercise jurisdiction in relation to the type of resource appropriated by this subgroup.

With regard to local collective choice, a level of government or organization of appropriators exists at the location and the author provides a few detailed references about operational level rules as devised by collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below.

Boundary Rules

The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.

Authority and Scope Rules

The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.

The following paragraphs include information on rules of 1 cycle(s).

Authority Rules:

The national and regional level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.

The length of the withdrawing season is 0 week(s)..

Scope Rules:

The regional level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.

There is a rule requiring regular maintanence labor input however, the basis criteria for this rule was not included in the case information. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.

There is a rule requiring emergency repair labor however, the basis criteria for this rule was not included in the case information. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.

There is a rule requiring labor, money, or materials to be used for major capital investment, however, the basis criteria for this rule was not included in the case information. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.

Information Rules

Payoff Rules

The default condition, that all appropriators can retain whatever they can physically keep hold of and no external rewards, taxes, or sanctions are imposed is not imposed in this case. The authors have the following confidence level for the results of this section: inferred. Appropriators can obtain aid from a national (private or public) agency(s) to develop or repair their production, distribution, or appropriation resources.

The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.

Aggregation Rules

Overall Questions About Rules Configuration

The general framework of the rules-in-use has governed the activities of this subgroup for less than one year.