- Resource System
- Watershed and associated topography
- Resource Units
- Freshwater
The Laoag-Vintar Irrigation System (LVIS), a government-owned system, serves the areas of Laoag City and the municipality of Vintar in Ilocos Norte, Philippiness. It is bounded by the Vintar-Bacarra River in the north, hills on the east, Laoag River on the south, and the China Sea on the west. The resource appropriated is water for irrigation serving about 2400 ha in the rainy season and 1200 ha during the dry season. There are 2501-5000 total appropriator teams. At the beginning of the period, there was an apparently balanced supply of biological and physical resources withdrawn compared to the number of units available. The irrigators have also established their own association called the Ilocos Norte United Farmers Association, Inc. (INUFA). Officials of INUFA help organize irrigators to work with officials in regard to water delivery. According to the author, LVIS was selected for discussion on the basis of its uniqueness.
This case study is part of the original Common-Pool Resource (CPR) database. A summary of the original CPR coding conducted in the 1980s by Edella Schlager and Shui Yan Tang at Indiana University may be found under the CPR tab in the Institutional Analysis section below.
The resource appropriated from Laoag-Vintar Irrigation is water for irrigation. This irrigation system is comprised of canals that direct water from Vintar river to farmlands in the location.
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Laoag-Vintar Irrigation is water for irrigation. This irrigation system is comprised of canals that direct water from Vintar river to farmlands in the location.
SCREENER:
Case: Laoag-Vintar Irrigation, Philippines
The information regarding the following common-pool resource system was taken from empirical evidence from a field setting. Data on the system was extracted from a journal article. Currently, there are no additional documents to cite which may provide further information about this common-pool resource.
These documents describe two resources in detail. The primary resource is the Laoag-Vintar Irrigation, situated in Laoag-Vintar of Philippines. More generally, it is located in Orient. The system's sector is that of water. Relatively good information has been collected about the stakes of participants who appropriate from Laoag-Vintar Irrigation. The condition of this resource is well understood. Complete information is available regarding the strategies used by key groups interacting with the system. There is thorough documentation of the operational rules for this resource. This is the result of a high level of confidence that the authors who recorded the features of Laoag-Vintar Irrigation have a complete knowledge of its particulars. Furthermore, the authors have provided sufficient data to formulate a structured coding process.
There are 2501-5000 total appropriator teams appropriating from the resource . At the beginning of the period discussed by the authors, there was an apparently balanced supply of biological and physical resources withdrawn compared to the number of units available. Appropriator teams for the resource are always formally organized.
The Laoag-Vintar Irrigation System (LVIS) is a government-owned system operated and maintained by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA). The irrigators of the system have also established their own association called the Ilocos Norte United Farmers Association, Inc. (INUFA). Officials of INUFA help organize irrigators to work with NIA officials in regard to water delivery. According to the author, LVIS was selected for discussion on the basis of its uniqueness. The presence of INUFA makes LVIS different from other NIA systems. The Nazareno Gamutan Irrigation System, a communal system owned by Nazareno Gamutan Agricultural Development, Inc., has a century of successful operations behind it, attributed to good leadership and the collaborative spirit of the members.
CITATION(S):
Ongkingco, Peteronio S. (1973) "Case Studies of Laoag-Vintar and Nazareno-Gamutan Irrigation Systems." PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURIST 59(9-10): 374-380.*
The resource appropriated from Laoag-Vintar Irrigation is water for irrigation. This irrigation system is comprised of canals that direct water from Vintar river to farmlands in the location.
SCREENER:
Case: Laoag-Vintar Irrigation, Philippines
The information regarding the following common-pool resource system was taken from empirical evidence from a field setting. Data on the system was extracted from a journal article. Currently, there are no additional documents to cite which may provide further information about this common-pool resource.
These documents describe two resources in detail. The primary resource is the Laoag-Vintar Irrigation, situated in Laoag-Vintar of Philippines. More generally, it is located in Orient. The system's sector is that of water. Relatively good information has been collected about the stakes of participants who appropriate from Laoag-Vintar Irrigation. The condition of this resource is well understood. Complete information is available regarding the strategies used by key groups interacting with the system. There is thorough documentation of the operational rules for this resource. This is the result of a high level of confidence that the authors who recorded the features of Laoag-Vintar Irrigation have a complete knowledge of its particulars. Furthermore, the authors have provided sufficient data to formulate a structured coding process.
There are 2501-5000 total appropriator teams appropriating from the resource . At the beginning of the period discussed by the authors, there was an apparently balanced supply of biological and physical resources withdrawn compared to the number of units available. Appropriator teams for the resource are always formally organized.
The Laoag-Vintar Irrigation System (LVIS) is a government-owned system operated and maintained by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA). The irrigators of the system have also established their own association called the Ilocos Norte United Farmers Association, Inc. (INUFA). Officials of INUFA help organize irrigators to work with NIA officials in regard to water delivery. According to the author, LVIS was selected for discussion on the basis of its uniqueness. The presence of INUFA makes LVIS different from other NIA systems. The Nazareno Gamutan Irrigation System, a communal system owned by Nazareno Gamutan Agricultural Development, Inc., has a century of successful operations behind it, attributed to good leadership and the collaborative spirit of the members.
CITATION(S):
Ongkingco, Peteronio S. (1973) "Case Studies of Laoag-Vintar and Nazareno-Gamutan Irrigation Systems." PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURIST 59(9-10): 374-380.*
RESOURCE INFO:
The resource appropriated from Laoag-Vintar Irrigation is water for irrigation. It is produced physically and is a renewable moving (fugitive) unit. This irrigation system is comprised of canals that direct water from Vintar river to farmlands in the location.
The boundary of this resource has natural/constructed attributes which do not limit entry. The boundaries of this resource are smaller than the location, and exist in one country, but are divided among several general purpose local jurisdictions at a single level. The boundaries of this resource are independent of a development project designed by non-residents.
There are not distinct and stable micro-environmental or ecological zones within this resource (educated guess).
There are strategic points within the resource where the main flow of the water for irrigation can be controlled (inferred). There is considerable, and predictable variation over space in the availability of water for irrigation within the resource (highly confident). There is considerable, and predictable variation in the flow of water for irrigation within a single year (highly confident). There is considerable, but unpredictable variation in the flow of water for irrigation from year to year (inferred).
The topography of the resource or the land immediately around the resource was not included in the study.
The boundaries of the production resource do not coincide with the boundaries of the appropriation resource. The production resource is a facility connected to the appropriation resource (confident). The boundaries of the production resource are not equivalent to the boundaries of the location, but lie within the boundaries of the location (educated guess). The boundaries of the distribution resource are roughly equivalent to the boundaries of the appropriation resource (inferred). The boundaries of the production resource are not equivalent to the boundaries of the distribution resource. The production resource is a facility connected to the distribution resource (confident).
The headworks (production resource) are operated by the same agency(s) (or the same group(s) of people) as the appropriation resource, and the agency(s) or the group(s) of people are the sole operator(s) of the headworks (highly confident). The distribution system is solely operated by the same agency(s) (or the same group(s) of people) as the appropriation resource (highly confident). The distribution system is solely operated by the same agency(s) (or the same group(s) of people) as the headworks of the system (highly confident).
LOCATION:
The appropriation resources are situated in Laoag City and the municipality of Vintar. The boundaries of the location are boundaries of the city and municipality. The appropriation resource present in this location consists of canals that divert water from the Vintar river to farmlands in the location.
The system is located within one country. Within this country, the system's location is divided among several general purpose local jurisdictions at the same level. A permanent population lives year round in this location (highly confident). There is frequent contact and communication between people in this location and officials in a nearby administrative center (inferred). This location is also characterized by an economy that is stable and tied to other economic networks during the entire time period (educated guess).
The latitude of this location is Laoag: 120.36E Vintar: 120.40E, and its longitude is Laoag: 18.14N Vintar: 18.16N. The elevation of this location is 4 meters. The highest elevation is 0. The lowest elevation of this location is 0. The region's average annual rainfall is 2430 milimeters. The region's average annual evapotranspiration is 1274 milimeters. The distribution of rainfall and evapotranspiration per month is as follows:
January precipitation: 4, evapotraspiration: 51
February precipitation: 6, evapotraspiration: 40
March precipitation: 6, evapotraspiration: 40
April precipitation: 10, evapotraspiration: 33
May precipitation: 191, evapotraspiration: 170
June precipitation: 299, evapotraspiration: 161
July precipitation: 595, evapotraspiration: 159
August precipitation: 650, evapotraspiration: 153
September precipitation: 416, evapotraspiration: 143
October precipitation: 193, evapotraspiration: 138
November precipitation: 44, evapotraspiration: 110
December precipitation: 16, evapotraspiration: 76
The resource appropriated from Laoag-Vintar Irrigation is water for irrigation. It is produced physically and is a renewable moving (fugitive) unit. This irrigation system is comprised of canals that direct water from Vintar river to farmlands in the location.
The boundary of this resource has natural/constructed attributes which do not limit entry. The boundaries of this resource are smaller than the location, and exist in one country, but are divided among several general purpose local jurisdictions at a single level. The boundaries of this resource are independent of a development project designed by non-residents.
There are not distinct and stable micro-environmental or ecological zones within this resource (educated guess).
There are strategic points within the resource where the main flow of the water for irrigation can be controlled (inferred). There is considerable, and predictable variation over space in the availability of water for irrigation within the resource (highly confident). There is considerable, and predictable variation in the flow of water for irrigation within a single year (highly confident). There is considerable, but unpredictable variation in the flow of water for irrigation from year to year (inferred).
The topography of the resource or the land immediately around the resource was not included in the study.
The boundaries of the production resource do not coincide with the boundaries of the appropriation resource. The production resource is a facility connected to the appropriation resource (confident). The boundaries of the production resource are not equivalent to the boundaries of the location, but lie within the boundaries of the location (educated guess). The boundaries of the distribution resource are roughly equivalent to the boundaries of the appropriation resource (inferred). The boundaries of the production resource are not equivalent to the boundaries of the distribution resource. The production resource is a facility connected to the distribution resource (confident).
The headworks (production resource) are operated by the same agency(s) (or the same group(s) of people) as the appropriation resource, and the agency(s) or the group(s) of people are the sole operator(s) of the headworks (highly confident). The distribution system is solely operated by the same agency(s) (or the same group(s) of people) as the appropriation resource (highly confident). The distribution system is solely operated by the same agency(s) (or the same group(s) of people) as the headworks of the system (highly confident).
LOCATION:
The appropriation resources are situated in Laoag City and the municipality of Vintar. The boundaries of the location are boundaries of the city and municipality. The appropriation resource present in this location consists of canals that divert water from the Vintar river to farmlands in the location.
The system is located within one country. Within this country, the system's location is divided among several general purpose local jurisdictions at the same level. A permanent population lives year round in this location (highly confident). There is frequent contact and communication between people in this location and officials in a nearby administrative center (inferred). This location is also characterized by an economy that is stable and tied to other economic networks during the entire time period (educated guess).
The latitude of this location is Laoag: 120.36E Vintar: 120.40E, and its longitude is Laoag: 18.14N Vintar: 18.16N. The elevation of this location is 4 meters. The highest elevation is 0. The lowest elevation of this location is 0. The region's average annual rainfall is 2430 milimeters. The region's average annual evapotranspiration is 1274 milimeters. The distribution of rainfall and evapotranspiration per month is as follows:
January precipitation: 4, evapotraspiration: 51
February precipitation: 6, evapotraspiration: 40
March precipitation: 6, evapotraspiration: 40
April precipitation: 10, evapotraspiration: 33
May precipitation: 191, evapotraspiration: 170
June precipitation: 299, evapotraspiration: 161
July precipitation: 595, evapotraspiration: 159
August precipitation: 650, evapotraspiration: 153
September precipitation: 416, evapotraspiration: 143
October precipitation: 193, evapotraspiration: 138
November precipitation: 44, evapotraspiration: 110
December precipitation: 16, evapotraspiration: 76
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Laoag-Vintar Irrigation is water for irrigation. This irrigation system is comprised of canals that direct water from Vintar river to farmlands in the location.
OPERATIONAL LEVEL:
TYPE OF SITUATION
The processes described in the related documents are primarily related to appropriation, production, distribution and use. The formal owner(s) of the resource discussed in this study is a central government. The set of individuals who have rights to withdraw from this resource is not well-defined. As of the beginning of this period, the owners are exercising (or attempting to exercise de jure) and effective in gaining closed access to this resource. Since the beginning of this period, the appropriators are exercising (or attempting to exercise de jure) effective closed access to this resource.
EVENTS MARKING THE BEGINNING ACTION SITUATION
It is estimated that the operational level coded on this form ended in 1972. The estimated duration of the patterns that are described in this form is 11 to 25 years. Throughout the duration there was change made primarily by an external authority in operational, collective, or consititutional rules. There was no change in resource size or structure. There was no new technology introduced to the system over the duration of the patterns coded on this form. There was no substantial external change in the value of the units appropriated. The quantity of units available did not change due to a change in appropriation patterns of other appropriators' withdrawals from the same production or distribution resource. There were no new groups starting to withdraw units from the appropriation resource. There was no recorded change to one or more variables internal to the operational level. The author does not begin the description of this case at this point in history.
CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF PERIOD COVERED BY THIS FORM*
For biological resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was apparently balanced (educated guess). For biological resources at the end of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was apparently balanced (educated guess). For physical resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units was apparently balanced (educated guess). For physical resources at the end of the period the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units, was apparently balanced (educated guess).
The following includes the available statistics on the use of this resource at the beginning of the time period, followed by the end of the time period:
Square meters of fields irrigated at the beginning of the period: 24000000
Square meters of fields irrigated at the end of the period: 24000000
*In fisheries and other biological systems, this is the maximum sustainable number of units. In irrigation, this refers to the optimal water requirements of the crops in the established fields served by this system.
At the beginning of the period, the units were predominantly used to produce other units.
At the end of the period, the units were predominantly used to produce other units.
As of the beginning of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was passable (educated guess). As of the end of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was passable (educated guess). At the beginning of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources, due to the way units are being appropriated (inferred). At the end of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources due to the way units are being appropriated (inferred). As of the beginning of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was relatively low (educated guess). As of the end of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was relatively low (educated guess). At the beginning of this study the appropriation resource was moderately well maintained, and in good working order (educated guess). At the end of this study the appropriation resource was moderately well maintained, and in good working order (educated guess). At the beginning of this period the appropriators shared modest levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises are used but appropriators may be uncertain about performance) (educated guess). At the end of the period the appropriators shared modest levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises are used but appropriators may be uncertain about performance) (educated guess). ## Unknown markup: Start ##By the end of this period no change had occurred in the property rights regime related to the appropriation resource (highly confident).
INFORMATION LEVELS
There is no information in the study to indicate the availability of maps or charts of the appropration resource for use by the appropriators. Maps and/or charts of the production and distribution resources are not documented as being available, or unavailable in this case study. The appropriators of this resource have no documented patterns in regard to the frequency with which they could readily observe each other. No appropriators are in radio communication with each other while appropriating from the resource (educated guess). There are actions being taken, by appropriators or officials, to generate information about the condition of the resource (inferred). There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the withdrawals from this resource kept in a systematic way. There are usually records of the physical factors which directly affected the resource kept in a systematic way (educated guess). There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the appropriators' contributions to monitoring of the resource kept in a systematic way. There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the appropriators' contribution to the maintenance of the resource kept in a systematic way. There is no information in the study to indicate whether or not records are kept in a language accessible to most of the appropriators. The keepers of these records are not indicated as being "officials" or "non-officials" in this case study. The case study did not indicate whether or not these records are available for inspection by appropriators. There are arenas being used for the exchange of information about conditions of the resource (inferred). Appropriators get together to discuss mutual problems of the resource weekly (educated guess). The appropriators have a considerable familiarity with the characteristics of this resource (educated guess).
POTENTIAL ACTIONS AND LEVELS OF CONTROL
There are appropriators and non-appropriators that made up a specialized staff or workers to undertake maintenance (confident). The quality or quantity of the units available to the appropriators are not adversely affected by the strategies of prior appropriators, because there are no prior appropriators. There are not problems of pollution resulting from activities of others who are not appropriators of this resource or inhabitants of this location (e.g. acid rain, sewage disposal) (educated guess). There does not appear to be an insurance mechanism available to the appropriators related to variability of income from the resource (educated guess).
PATTERNS OF INTERACTION
Differences between subgroups relating to gender identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Differences between subgroups relating to ethnic identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Differences between subgroups relating to clan identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Differences between subgroups relating to racial identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Differences between subgroups relating to caste identification does not exist (inferred). Differences between subgroups relating to religious identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Differences between subgroups relating to languages spoken does not affect communication (educated guess). Differences between subgroups relating to general cultural views of the resource system and its use does not exist (inferred). Differences between subgroups relating to any problems that affect communication does not exist (inferred).
The general manner in which appropriators related to one another during this study is a relatively positive, reciprocal manner -- the presumption was made that long-term relationships are involved and positive actions are undertaken without a specific expectation of return (educated guess). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is unlikely that an official monitor or guard would move to impose sanctions (confident).
POSITIONS AND PARTICIPANTS
At the end of the period studied the position of non-appropriator (individuals prevented from using the resource) did exist (inferred). At the beginning of the period there was a general estimate of 2501-5000 appropriators (inferred). There was a general estimate of 2501-5000 appropriators at the end of the period (confident). The "official" position of monitor (apart from the willingness of all appropriators to monitor) does exist, some are selected by appropriators and some are employees of an external government authority (confident).
The general estimate for the number of official monitors on duty at one time during peak hours was 201-500 (educated guess). Official monitors are paid in money. Some of the monitors were full-time (confident).
NUMBER AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROUPS
There will be 1 subgroup form(s) completed in relation to this operational level form. The ID number(s) of the subgroup(s) coded are as follows: 27.1 - 0 - 0 - 0
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
The study did not indicate whether or not there are appropriators who were consistently disadvantaged in this period. The relatively worst off appropriators have not been cut out of their benefits from this resource or substantially harmed (educated guess). By the end of the period studied the distance between those who were the least advantaged and those who were the most advantaged could be characterized as remaining relatively constant over time (educated guess).
AUTHOR'S EVALUATION AND CAUSAL ASSUMPTIONS
In this coding form the author does not focus on the readers' concept of results and the evaluation of results (educated guess).
The author's results indicate that the irrigators' association (INUFA) has been quite effective, indicating that irrgators can organize among themselves to assist government employees in the operation and maintenance of the government-owned irrigation system.
SUBGROUP:
Participants:
The criteria for who is a member is not well defined (educated guess). At the start of this group the membership was estimated to be 2501-5000. This group ended with a membership of 5000.
The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:
The difference in composition with regard to gender identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Difference in composition with regard to ethnic or cultural identification does not affect communication (educated guess). The difference in composition with regard to clan identification does not affect communication (educated guess). The difference in composition with regard to racial identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Caste identification causes no difference in composition (inferred). The difference in composition with regard to religious identification does not affect communication (educated guess). The difference in composition with regard to the languages spoken does not affect communication (educated guess).
.
Legal Rights:
Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (inferred). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (inferred). Rights to participate in management of this resource is held de jure (inferred). Exclusion from use of the entire resource is exercised de jure (inferred). Members of this subgroup cannot exercise the right to decide who can be excluded from particular zones within the resource either de facto nor de jure. (educated guess). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (inferred). The separable rights to exercise transfer to shares of this appropriation resource, or closely related production and/or distribution resources are neither held de jure nor de facto (inferred). Transferring shares of major appropriation equipment which are necessary to engage in appropriation is not exercised either je jure nor de facto## Unknown column: EQUIPSHAR ##.
Stakes and Resources:
The length of time this subgroup has regularly appropriated from this resource is 26 through 50 years (confident). Around 91%-100% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource (educated guess). Given the economy of the location, the average annual family income (including all non-monetary forms of income) is considered average (educated guess). Over time the variance of the average annual family income across families is moderate (educated guess). Capital is owned by 76%-90% of this subgroup (educated guess). No real alternatives for the supply unit are available (educated guess).
Potential Actions and Levels of Control:
A noticeable impact on the balance of the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available in this resource would occur in a drastic reduction of this subgroup's appropriation activities (inferred). Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules cause unknown contraints, time limits which limit the range of choice moderately constrain (educated guess), quantity limits which limit the range of choice moderately constrain (educated guess), and marginal units or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation have a moderate value immediate return (educated guess).
Technology:
The appropriative power of the technology used threatens the balance between units withdrawn and units available even if no new users are added (inferred).
Strategies Adopted:
In irrigation, appropriation resources (at the beginning of the period) produce mostly paddy rice, and also grains other than paddy rice, and non-tree fruits and vegetables. In irrigation, the appropriation resources (at the end of the period) produce mainly paddy rice, and also grains other than paddy rice, and non-tree fruits and vegetables. During this time period members have invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (highly confident). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has been made by members (highly confident). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (educated guess). At least one member has assumed entrepreneurial activity in trying to achieve coordinated strategies in relationship to both withdrawal and investment (highly confident). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that almost all of the members follow the rules set in place (ambiguous). The level of infraction of members who are not rule followers is generally small (ambiguous). Action in both the collective choice arena and constitutional-choice arena has been proposed to alter the operational or collective-choice rules affecting the appropriation from this resource (confident).
Subgroup Results:
This subgroup appropriates 91%-100% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (highly confident). By the end of this time period the appropriates from this resource have remained approximately constant (highly confident).
The resource appropriated from Laoag-Vintar Irrigation is water for irrigation. This irrigation system is comprised of canals that direct water from Vintar river to farmlands in the location.
OPERATIONAL LEVEL:
TYPE OF SITUATION
The processes described in the related documents are primarily related to appropriation, production, distribution and use. The formal owner(s) of the resource discussed in this study is a central government. The set of individuals who have rights to withdraw from this resource is not well-defined. As of the beginning of this period, the owners are exercising (or attempting to exercise de jure) and effective in gaining closed access to this resource. Since the beginning of this period, the appropriators are exercising (or attempting to exercise de jure) effective closed access to this resource.
EVENTS MARKING THE BEGINNING ACTION SITUATION
It is estimated that the operational level coded on this form ended in 1972. The estimated duration of the patterns that are described in this form is 11 to 25 years. Throughout the duration there was change made primarily by an external authority in operational, collective, or consititutional rules. There was no change in resource size or structure. There was no new technology introduced to the system over the duration of the patterns coded on this form. There was no substantial external change in the value of the units appropriated. The quantity of units available did not change due to a change in appropriation patterns of other appropriators' withdrawals from the same production or distribution resource. There were no new groups starting to withdraw units from the appropriation resource. There was no recorded change to one or more variables internal to the operational level. The author does not begin the description of this case at this point in history.
CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF PERIOD COVERED BY THIS FORM*
For biological resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was apparently balanced (educated guess). For biological resources at the end of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available was apparently balanced (educated guess). For physical resources at the beginning of this period, the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units was apparently balanced (educated guess). For physical resources at the end of the period the balance between the quantity of units withdrawn and the quantity of units needed, given the usual patterns of use for these units, was apparently balanced (educated guess).
The following includes the available statistics on the use of this resource at the beginning of the time period, followed by the end of the time period:
Square meters of fields irrigated at the beginning of the period: 24000000
Square meters of fields irrigated at the end of the period: 24000000
*In fisheries and other biological systems, this is the maximum sustainable number of units. In irrigation, this refers to the optimal water requirements of the crops in the established fields served by this system.
At the beginning of the period, the units were predominantly used to produce other units.
At the end of the period, the units were predominantly used to produce other units.
As of the beginning of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was passable (educated guess). As of the end of the period, the quality of the units being withdrawn from the resource was passable (educated guess). At the beginning of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources, due to the way units are being appropriated (inferred). At the end of the period of the study, there were no problems of pollution in this or other resources due to the way units are being appropriated (inferred). As of the beginning of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was relatively low (educated guess). As of the end of the period, the extent of technical externalities resulting from the appropriation activities of participants from this resource was relatively low (educated guess). At the beginning of this study the appropriation resource was moderately well maintained, and in good working order (educated guess). At the end of this study the appropriation resource was moderately well maintained, and in good working order (educated guess). At the beginning of this period the appropriators shared modest levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises are used but appropriators may be uncertain about performance) (educated guess). At the end of the period the appropriators shared modest levels of mutual trust (e.g. oral promises are used but appropriators may be uncertain about performance) (educated guess). ## Unknown markup: Start ##By the end of this period no change had occurred in the property rights regime related to the appropriation resource (highly confident).
INFORMATION LEVELS
There is no information in the study to indicate the availability of maps or charts of the appropration resource for use by the appropriators. Maps and/or charts of the production and distribution resources are not documented as being available, or unavailable in this case study. The appropriators of this resource have no documented patterns in regard to the frequency with which they could readily observe each other. No appropriators are in radio communication with each other while appropriating from the resource (educated guess). There are actions being taken, by appropriators or officials, to generate information about the condition of the resource (inferred). There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the withdrawals from this resource kept in a systematic way. There are usually records of the physical factors which directly affected the resource kept in a systematic way (educated guess). There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the appropriators' contributions to monitoring of the resource kept in a systematic way. There was no information in the study about whether or not there are records of the appropriators' contribution to the maintenance of the resource kept in a systematic way. There is no information in the study to indicate whether or not records are kept in a language accessible to most of the appropriators. The keepers of these records are not indicated as being "officials" or "non-officials" in this case study. The case study did not indicate whether or not these records are available for inspection by appropriators. There are arenas being used for the exchange of information about conditions of the resource (inferred). Appropriators get together to discuss mutual problems of the resource weekly (educated guess). The appropriators have a considerable familiarity with the characteristics of this resource (educated guess).
POTENTIAL ACTIONS AND LEVELS OF CONTROL
There are appropriators and non-appropriators that made up a specialized staff or workers to undertake maintenance (confident). The quality or quantity of the units available to the appropriators are not adversely affected by the strategies of prior appropriators, because there are no prior appropriators. There are not problems of pollution resulting from activities of others who are not appropriators of this resource or inhabitants of this location (e.g. acid rain, sewage disposal) (educated guess). There does not appear to be an insurance mechanism available to the appropriators related to variability of income from the resource (educated guess).
PATTERNS OF INTERACTION
Differences between subgroups relating to gender identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Differences between subgroups relating to ethnic identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Differences between subgroups relating to clan identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Differences between subgroups relating to racial identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Differences between subgroups relating to caste identification does not exist (inferred). Differences between subgroups relating to religious identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Differences between subgroups relating to languages spoken does not affect communication (educated guess). Differences between subgroups relating to general cultural views of the resource system and its use does not exist (inferred). Differences between subgroups relating to any problems that affect communication does not exist (inferred).
The general manner in which appropriators related to one another during this study is a relatively positive, reciprocal manner -- the presumption was made that long-term relationships are involved and positive actions are undertaken without a specific expectation of return (educated guess). If someone violates the rules-in-use related to the appropriation process from this resource, it is unlikely that an official monitor or guard would move to impose sanctions (confident).
POSITIONS AND PARTICIPANTS
At the end of the period studied the position of non-appropriator (individuals prevented from using the resource) did exist (inferred). At the beginning of the period there was a general estimate of 2501-5000 appropriators (inferred). There was a general estimate of 2501-5000 appropriators at the end of the period (confident). The "official" position of monitor (apart from the willingness of all appropriators to monitor) does exist, some are selected by appropriators and some are employees of an external government authority (confident).
The general estimate for the number of official monitors on duty at one time during peak hours was 201-500 (educated guess). Official monitors are paid in money. Some of the monitors were full-time (confident).
NUMBER AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROUPS
There will be 1 subgroup form(s) completed in relation to this operational level form. The ID number(s) of the subgroup(s) coded are as follows: 27.1 - 0 - 0 - 0
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
The study did not indicate whether or not there are appropriators who were consistently disadvantaged in this period. The relatively worst off appropriators have not been cut out of their benefits from this resource or substantially harmed (educated guess). By the end of the period studied the distance between those who were the least advantaged and those who were the most advantaged could be characterized as remaining relatively constant over time (educated guess).
AUTHOR'S EVALUATION AND CAUSAL ASSUMPTIONS
In this coding form the author does not focus on the readers' concept of results and the evaluation of results (educated guess).
The author's results indicate that the irrigators' association (INUFA) has been quite effective, indicating that irrgators can organize among themselves to assist government employees in the operation and maintenance of the government-owned irrigation system.
SUBGROUP:
Participants:
The criteria for who is a member is not well defined (educated guess). At the start of this group the membership was estimated to be 2501-5000. This group ended with a membership of 5000.
The following statements characterize the composition of this subgroup's population with respect to variables that may affect the capacity to communicate effectively:
The difference in composition with regard to gender identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Difference in composition with regard to ethnic or cultural identification does not affect communication (educated guess). The difference in composition with regard to clan identification does not affect communication (educated guess). The difference in composition with regard to racial identification does not affect communication (educated guess). Caste identification causes no difference in composition (inferred). The difference in composition with regard to religious identification does not affect communication (educated guess). The difference in composition with regard to the languages spoken does not affect communication (educated guess).
.
Legal Rights:
Members of this subgroup have de jure rights of access (inferred). The right to withdraw is held by this subgroup de jure (inferred). Rights to participate in management of this resource is held de jure (inferred). Exclusion from use of the entire resource is exercised de jure (inferred). Members of this subgroup cannot exercise the right to decide who can be excluded from particular zones within the resource either de facto nor de jure. (educated guess). The separable right of transfer to the flow of units from this resource is not held either by de jure nor de facto (inferred). The separable rights to exercise transfer to shares of this appropriation resource, or closely related production and/or distribution resources are neither held de jure nor de facto (inferred). Transferring shares of major appropriation equipment which are necessary to engage in appropriation is not exercised either je jure nor de facto## Unknown column: EQUIPSHAR ##.
Stakes and Resources:
The length of time this subgroup has regularly appropriated from this resource is 26 through 50 years (confident). Around 91%-100% of members reside in or adjacent to this resource (educated guess). Given the economy of the location, the average annual family income (including all non-monetary forms of income) is considered average (educated guess). Over time the variance of the average annual family income across families is moderate (educated guess). Capital is owned by 76%-90% of this subgroup (educated guess). No real alternatives for the supply unit are available (educated guess).
Potential Actions and Levels of Control:
A noticeable impact on the balance of the quantity of units withdrawn and the number of units available in this resource would occur in a drastic reduction of this subgroup's appropriation activities (inferred). Keeping in mind the physically available levels of withdrawal that are possible from this resource, the following shows the extent to which rules concerning different aspects of withdrawal constrain appropriation: technological rules cause unknown contraints, time limits which limit the range of choice moderately constrain (educated guess), quantity limits which limit the range of choice moderately constrain (educated guess), and marginal units or units obtained by increasing levels of appropriation have a moderate value immediate return (educated guess).
Technology:
The appropriative power of the technology used threatens the balance between units withdrawn and units available even if no new users are added (inferred).
Strategies Adopted:
In irrigation, appropriation resources (at the beginning of the period) produce mostly paddy rice, and also grains other than paddy rice, and non-tree fruits and vegetables. In irrigation, the appropriation resources (at the end of the period) produce mainly paddy rice, and also grains other than paddy rice, and non-tree fruits and vegetables. During this time period members have invested resources, such as their own labor, in maintaining or improving the structure of the appropriation resource (highly confident). Investment into constructing or improving production or distribution works for maintaining or improving their resource has been made by members (highly confident). Members do not have access to an alternative source of supply (educated guess). At least one member has assumed entrepreneurial activity in trying to achieve coordinated strategies in relationship to both withdrawal and investment (highly confident). In characterizing the usual behavior of the members of this subgroup with respect to local operation level rules-in-use (other than in extreme shortage), it can be said that almost all of the members follow the rules set in place (ambiguous). The level of infraction of members who are not rule followers is generally small (ambiguous). Action in both the collective choice arena and constitutional-choice arena has been proposed to alter the operational or collective-choice rules affecting the appropriation from this resource (confident).
Subgroup Results:
This subgroup appropriates 91%-100% of its total appropriated units at the end of this period (highly confident). By the end of this time period the appropriates from this resource have remained approximately constant (highly confident).
RESOURCE:
The resource appropriated from Laoag-Vintar Irrigation is water for irrigation. This irrigation system is comprised of canals that direct water from Vintar river to farmlands in the location.
OPERATIONAL RULES:
Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides a few detailed references to operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below. Concerning regional collective choice, there is a regional level of government, but it does not exercise jurisdiction in relation to the type of resource appropriated by this subgroup.
With regard to local collective choice, a level of government or organization of appropriators exists at the location and the author provides relatively full information about operational level rules as devised by collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below.
Boundary Rules
The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.
The regional level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.
A rule exists requiring ownership or leasing of land in the location of the resource. This rule is enforced at the national, local, and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring appropriators specify the purpose for which the withdrawn units will be devoted. This rule is enforced at the national, local, and rules-in-use level(s).
Entry rights may be transmitted to anyone designated by the original owner.
Within one generation of potential resource appropriators, entry rights can be given, leased, rented, sold or transferred to others.
When transfer on a temporary or permanent basis is allowed, the person who makes the transfer determines to whom such rights can be transferred.
Authority and Scope Rules
The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.
The following paragraphs include information on rules of 2 cycle(s).
Authority Rules:
The regional level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.
There is a rule requiring withdrawal at a fixed time slot, based on the needs during time period. This rule is enforced at the national, local, and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules. The rule is in effect during dry seasons.
The length of the withdrawing season is 0 week(s)..
There is a rule forbidding withdrawal whenever and wherever desired, based on unspecific criteria. This rule is enforced at the national, local, and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules. The rule is in effect during dry seasons.
There is a rule permitting withdrawal whenever and wherever desired, based on unspecific criteria. This rule is enforced at the national, local, and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of a less restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules. The rule is in effect during rainy seasons.
The authority and scope rules do not apply to whether or not certain subgroups received substantially unequal privileges, because there is only one subgroup.
Scope Rules:
The regional level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.
There is a rule requiring a periodically assessed appropriation tax, based on the amount of land held. This rule is enforced at the national and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
There is a rule requiring regular maintanence labor input however, the basis criteria for this rule was not included in the case information. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
There is a rule requiring emergency repair labor however, the basis criteria for this rule was not included in the case information. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
There is a rule requiring labor, money, or materials to be used for major capital investment, however, the basis criteria for this rule was not included in the case information. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
Information Rules
Payoff Rules
The default condition, that all appropriators can retain whatever they can physically keep hold of and no external rewards, taxes, or sanctions are imposed is not imposed in this case. The authors have the following confidence level for the results of this section: inferred. Appropriators may not lose their entry or appropriation rights for breaking rules related to the appropriation of the resource. Appropriators can obtain aid from a national (private or public) agency(s) to develop or repair their production, distribution, or appropriation resources. Appropriators can obtain aid from a national (private or public) agency(s) to develop technologies for using the resource units. Appropriators are not party to price support contracts or guaranteed purchase agreements for the selling of resource units or commodities produced by resource units.
The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.
Aggregation Rules
Overall Questions About Rules Configuration
The general framework of the rules-in-use has governed the activities of this subgroup for 11 to 25 years.
The resource appropriated from Laoag-Vintar Irrigation is water for irrigation. This irrigation system is comprised of canals that direct water from Vintar river to farmlands in the location.
OPERATIONAL RULES:
Concerning national collective choice relating to the resource, the author provides a few detailed references to operational level rules as devised by national collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below. Concerning regional collective choice, there is a regional level of government, but it does not exercise jurisdiction in relation to the type of resource appropriated by this subgroup.
With regard to local collective choice, a level of government or organization of appropriators exists at the location and the author provides relatively full information about operational level rules as devised by collective choice mechanisms which have been coded below.
Boundary Rules
The following rules define the requirements that must be met before individuals are eligible to harvest or withdraw units from the appropriation resource.
The regional level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.
A rule exists requiring ownership or leasing of land in the location of the resource. This rule is enforced at the national, local, and rules-in-use level(s).
A rule exists requiring appropriators specify the purpose for which the withdrawn units will be devoted. This rule is enforced at the national, local, and rules-in-use level(s).
Entry rights may be transmitted to anyone designated by the original owner.
Within one generation of potential resource appropriators, entry rights can be given, leased, rented, sold or transferred to others.
When transfer on a temporary or permanent basis is allowed, the person who makes the transfer determines to whom such rights can be transferred.
Authority and Scope Rules
The default conditions for both authority and scope rules do not apply.
The following paragraphs include information on rules of 2 cycle(s).
Authority Rules:
The regional level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.
There is a rule requiring withdrawal at a fixed time slot, based on the needs during time period. This rule is enforced at the national, local, and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules. The rule is in effect during dry seasons.
The length of the withdrawing season is 0 week(s)..
There is a rule forbidding withdrawal whenever and wherever desired, based on unspecific criteria. This rule is enforced at the national, local, and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules. The rule is in effect during dry seasons.
There is a rule permitting withdrawal whenever and wherever desired, based on unspecific criteria. This rule is enforced at the national, local, and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of a less restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules. The rule is in effect during rainy seasons.
The authority and scope rules do not apply to whether or not certain subgroups received substantially unequal privileges, because there is only one subgroup.
Scope Rules:
The regional level(s) of government or organization had no jurisdiction over the resource.
There is a rule requiring a periodically assessed appropriation tax, based on the amount of land held. This rule is enforced at the national and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
There is a rule requiring regular maintanence labor input however, the basis criteria for this rule was not included in the case information. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
There is a rule requiring emergency repair labor however, the basis criteria for this rule was not included in the case information. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
There is a rule requiring labor, money, or materials to be used for major capital investment, however, the basis criteria for this rule was not included in the case information. This rule is enforced at the local and rules-in-use level(s), and is part of the most restrictive, regularly adopted/used set of rules.
Information Rules
Payoff Rules
The default condition, that all appropriators can retain whatever they can physically keep hold of and no external rewards, taxes, or sanctions are imposed is not imposed in this case. The authors have the following confidence level for the results of this section: inferred. Appropriators may not lose their entry or appropriation rights for breaking rules related to the appropriation of the resource. Appropriators can obtain aid from a national (private or public) agency(s) to develop or repair their production, distribution, or appropriation resources. Appropriators can obtain aid from a national (private or public) agency(s) to develop technologies for using the resource units. Appropriators are not party to price support contracts or guaranteed purchase agreements for the selling of resource units or commodities produced by resource units.
The following percentages indicate the percentages assigned to individual positions. If more than one percentage is listed per position, the individual percentages refer to the different arrangements existing within the operational rules.
Aggregation Rules
Overall Questions About Rules Configuration
The general framework of the rules-in-use has governed the activities of this subgroup for 11 to 25 years.
Laoag-Vintar government irrigation system, the Philippines
Resource System
water
Resource Users
3500 farmers are served by the LVIS irrigation system
Public Infrastructure Providers
The LVIS irrigation system is built, operated, and maintained by the government, the National Irrigation Administration.
Public Infrastructure
The LVIS system draws water from Vintar River. The water level is raised by a rubble masonry dam which is frequently destroyed by the flood. The system also use a bench flume for water diversion. The system has a network of canals and ditches to deliver water to each area. The main canal is more than 65km long and is branching to several literals, sub-literals and farm ditches.
Relationship 1
RS=>RU
The LVIS irrigation system serves 3500 farmers. It serves an area of 2400 ha during the rainy season and 1200ha during the dry season.
Ru=>RS
Farmers cannot drain water freely from the irrigation system.
Relationship 2
RU=>PIP
3500 farmers served by the irrigation system belong to the Ilocos Norte United Farmers Association. the leading bourd of the association is selected by secret ballots, based on the leadership, willingness to serve. Farmers support the system by their availability to the repairing works.
PIP=RU
The irrigation office of the government and the association set ruels and obligations to the farmers. Engineers guarantee money from the office and provides wine for the farmers who participate in the repairing work.
Relationship 3
PIP=>PI
The association personnel monitor the uses of the LVIS irrigation systmen and the delivery of water. The irrigation office and the association set rules and obligations to its members. Violating rules and obligations results in fines, penalties from the office and/or confiscation of animals until they settle the obligation
SC=>PIP
farmers have obligations to report the violators of rules and obligations. Failure to report will be fined.
Relationship 4
PI=>RS
The irrigation system draw water from Vintar River. there is inadequate water supply in dry months. The systems has to draw water from the literals during the dry season.
RU=>PI
The annual rainfall distribution is uneven. The monsoon makes 2 pronounced seasons: rainy season from June - October, and dry season from November - April. There are two rivers surrounding the area: Vintar-Bacarra River to the north and Laoag River to the south.
Relationship 5
PI=>RD
The 2 sets of leading boards of the association meet 3-4 times in the season to plan the corp and water delivery. Major problem such as where to plant in the coming dry season is settled between irrigation office and the association. Minor problems such as water distribution are settled by panglakayenes and ditch tenders.
RD=>PI
Farmers have obligations to support the irrigation system. Fail to fulfill the obligations result in fines, penalties from irrigation office. conpensation for the damage, and/or confiscation of animals until they settle the obligations.
Relationship 6
PI=>RU
Farmers need permissions from ditch tenders or panglakayenes to draw water from the irrigation system, especially during the dry season. Violation of the rule results in a fine of 0.5-5 PHP, the cost of damage, and penalty from the irrigation office.
Farmers need to allow the construction of canals and ditches on their farming land; otherwise they lose the lands, an additional fine of 0.5-5 PHP and compensation of the destroyed crops will be applied.
Farmers are required to plant crops that are suitable to the area and season. Fail to plant accordingly will be fined with 0.5-5 PHP
Putting fish traps, fishing or catching frogs are prohibited in the canals and the farm ditches. Violators will be fined 0.5-5 PHP.
Stealing crops or productions from others are prohibited. The caught ones will be fined.
Those who cause the damage of infrastructures will be fined 5-10 PHP and penalized by the irrigation office.
Victims of incidence or damage should report immediately to the panglakayen then other levels of officers. The one who fails to respond will be considered as the perpetrator, and will be fined with 5-10 PHP. If necessary he will be brought to the court.
Failure to pay the fines or other obligations on the designated date will compel to the association to take the farmer’s livestock. The property will be returned once the violator settles the obligations.
Exogenous Drivers 7 (Resource System)
(none specified)Exogenous Drivers 7 (Public Infrastructure)
Not specified in the study
Exogenous Drivers 8 (Resource Users)
Not specified in the study
Exogenous Drivers 8 (Public Infrastructure Providers)
Not specified in the study
Human Infrastructure, Private and Human-Made (Resource Users)
Farmers use a dam to raise the water level in Vintar River, from where the Laoag-Vintar Irrigation System draws water. The original concrete dam was built in 1926, but it collapsed before it was used. The current dam is built with rubble masonry. It is built about 2.7 km upstream the old dam and is frequently destroyed by flood. The system draws the raised water flow using a bench flume to at the foot of a hill, and a network of canals to deliver the water to different areas. The main canal is more than 65 km long, and it is branching to several laterals, sub-laterals and farm ditches.
Human Infrastructure, Private and Human-Made (Public Infrastructure Providers)
(none specified). 1973. Case Studies of Laoag-Vintar and Nazareno-Gamutan Irrigation Systems. Philippine Agriculturalist. 59(9-10):374-389.